Quality of governance and varieties of capitalism in the European Union: core and periphery division?

Figures & data

Figure 1. Clusters of EU-28 based on selected Worldwide Governance Indicators, 2016.

Source: Own calculation from World Bank’s Worldwide Governance Indicators (retrieved from: http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/#home, accessed December 2017).

Figure 2. Standard deviation of selected Worldwide Governance Indicators among and within the clusters of EU-28, 1996–2016.

Note: From 1996 to 2002 data are available in every second year.Source: Own calculation from World Bank’s Worldwide Governance Indicators (retrieved from: http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/#home, accessed December 2017).

Figure 3. Clusters of EU-28 based on selected government quality indicators of WEF Global Competitiveness Report, 2017–2018.

Source: Own calculation from the database of Schwab and Sala-i-Martin (2017).

Figure 4. Standard deviation of selected government quality indicators of WEF Global Competitiveness Reports among and within the clusters of EU-28, 2008–2018.

Source: Own calculation from WEF Global Competitiveness Reports (Schwab & Porter, 2008; Schwab & Sala-i-Martin, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017).

Table 1. Description of the clusters based on selected Worldwide Governance Indicators, 2016.

	Northern and western countries with the best quality of governance	Northern and western countries with good quality of governance	Eastern and southern countries with low quality of governance	Eastern and southern countries with medium quality of governance	Total
Number of countries	9	3	6	10	28
Control of corruption
Mean	1.9615	1.3945	0.0179	0.6471	1.0148
Std. Deviation	0.26786	0.19628	0.12106	0.20974	0.79195
Government effectiveness
Mean	1.6974	1.2829	0.2983	1.0106	1.1079
Std. Deviation	0.17727	0.15026	0.25944	0.14776	0.54692
Regulatory quality
Mean	1.7450	1.3697	0.5107	0.9746	1.1652
Std. Deviation	0.15739	0.31492	0.21516	0.15441	0.50652
Rule of law
Mean	1.7905	1.3510	0.2788	0.9434	1.1169
Std. Deviation	0.18309	0.09265	0.19303	0.17623	0.59362

Source: Own calculation from World Bank’s Worldwide Governance Indicators (retrieved from: http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/#home, accessed December 2017).

Table 2. Description of the clusters based on selected government quality indicators of WEF Global Competitiveness Report, 2017–2018.

	Good performer northern and western countries	Weak performer eastern and southern countries	Moderate performer eastern and southern countries	Best performer northern and western countries	Total
Number of countries	8	8	8	4	28
Diversion of public funds
Mean	5.263	2.963	3.625	5.875	4.225
Std. Deviation	0.5097	0.3114	0.4713	0.4717	1.2149
Public trust in politicians
Mean	4.425	2.163	2.663	5.525	3.432
Std. Deviation	0.5922	0.2200	0.3292	0.2986	1.3174
Irregular payments and bribes
Mean	5.988	3.975	4.800	6.225	5.107
Std. Deviation	0.2532	0.2915	0.1604	0.5439	0.9490
Favouritism in decisions of government officials
Mean	4.438	2.263	2.925	5.250	3.500
Std. Deviation	0.5263	0.3068	0.2964	0.3512	1.1826
Efficiency of government spending
Mean	3.600	2.400	3.200	5.025	3.346
Std. Deviation	0.5182	0.4000	0.4536	0.2630	0.9383
Burden of government regulation
Mean	3.638	2.538	3.075	4.550	3.293
Std. Deviation	0.5317	0.4809	0.4773	0.2380	0.8069
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes
Mean	4.775	2.600	3.263	5.550	3.832
Std. Deviation	0.5701	0.5182	0.3623	0.3109	1.2022
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regulations
Mean	4.325	2.388	3.013	5.300	3.536
Std. Deviation	0.3370	0.2997	0.4998	0.2160	1.1136
Transparency of government policymaking
Mean	5.088	3.350	4.088	5.800	4.407
Std. Deviation	0.4257	0.2673	0.4549	0.2160	0.9541

Source: Own calculation from the database of Schwab and Sala-i-Martin (2017).

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