Uncertainty assessment of trophic flows in Hamilton Harbour: A linear inverse modelling analysis

Abstract

Ecopath with Ecosim has been extensively used to examine ecosystem attributes and the effects of management actions. One of the main limitations in using Ecopath to credibly guide management decisions lies in the quality and quantity of the data used. Linear Inverse Modelling treats the problem of ecosystem characterization in a rigorous mathematical way in which the foodweb is described as a (linear) function of the flows and model parameters are (inversely) derived from observed data. In this study, our thesis is that Linear Inverse Modelling can be used as a complement to Ecopath applications to evaluate our confidence in typically reported ecosystem characterizations. Based on a simplified version of a previously published foodweb topology (Hossain et al., 2012), we demonstrate that there is considerable uncertainty associated with the predicted energy flows within the ecosystem of Hamilton Harbour, Lake Ontario, Canada. Uncertainty related to external flows (e.g. respiratory and detrital flows) appears to be much higher than for internal flows associated with predator-prey relationships. Our Linear Inverse Modelling analysis reinforces earlier findings that most of the trophic flows are concentrated within the first two trophic levels, while mass fluxes at the higher trophic levels are significantly lower. The intermediate ecotrophic efficiency for zooplankton suggests that planktivorous fishes do not fully capitalize upon the available food in the system. Our model estimates that a substantial amount of the detrital material is being recycled by the microbial community within the system. Taken together with the significant detrital pool directly supporting zooplankton and oligochaetes/chironomids, this prediction is consistent with recent empirical evidence that particulate organic matter from various allochthonous or autochthonous origins constitute important components of the energy transferred to higher trophic levels. Overall, our Linear Inverse Modelling analysis offers meaningful insights that should contribute towards the development of a reliable ecosystem model for Hamilton Harbour.

Keywords:

• Ecopath Modelling
• Areas of Concern

Acknowledgements

We thank many scientists from Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) in the Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences for their contributions and guidance with the current LIM analysis. We would also like to thank two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on the article.

Funding

Monir Hossain was supported financially by the Great Lakes Action Plan (GLAP) and DFO's Strategic Program for Ecosystem Research and Advice (SPERA) through a Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Visiting Fellowship in a Canadian Government Laboratory.

Supplemental material

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