Seasonal dynamics of microzooplankton communities in the Sea of Oman (Arabian Sea)

Abstract

Seasonal dynamics of microzooplankton and changes in environmental condition were analysed during a one-year field sampling campaign in the Sea of Oman at two different stations. Monsoon winds in this region cause distinct seasonality patterns with high primary productivity during the south-west monsoon in summer (June to October) and north-east monsoon periods in winter (November to March). Microzooplankton in the Sea of Oman showed several biomass peaks throughout the year. In general, higher biomass occurred during the south-west monsoon when compared to the north-east monsoon period with maxima of 190 µg C l⁻¹at the inshore station Bandar Al-Khyran at 1m and 308 µg C l⁻¹ at 10m water depth. At the offshore-station, peaks of 372 µg C l⁻¹ (1m) and 256 µg C l⁻¹ (20m) occurred during the south-west monsoon. A strong coupling between phytoplankton and microzooplankton was observed during monsoon periods but some microzooplankton peaked during inter-monsoon periods when chlorophyll concentration was low (Bandar Al-Khyran: 372 µg C l⁻¹ at 1m and 196 µg C l⁻¹, 10m; Offshore-station: 419 µg C l⁻¹, 20 m). The initiation of phytoplankton blooms in the Sea of Oman was bottom-up controlled due to strong seasonal nutrient influx during south-west and north-east monsoon periods. Highest microzooplankton biomass occurred during monsoon periods with a dominance of Noctiluciphyceae and peaks of 7596 µg C l⁻¹ at Bandar Al-Khyran (1m) and 5942 µg C l⁻¹ (10m). Copepod nauplii, Amoebozoa and Larvacea contributed substantially to microzooplankton biomass throughout the year. Ciliophora contributed low proportion to the total microzooplankton biomass peaking both during monsoon and inter-monsoon periods. During the spring inter-monsoon, choreotrich ciliates (tintinnids) showed distinct peaks of 15.9 µg C l⁻¹ at Bandar Al-Khyran (1m) and 17.7 µg C l⁻¹ (10m) as well as 18.2 µg C l⁻¹ at Offshore-station (20m). The interplay between bottom-up controlled primary production and top-down control mechanisms regulates the phenology patterns of specific microzooplankton groups in the Sea of Oman thus pointing at complex trophodynamic interactions at the lowermost foodweb level in this low-latitude ecosystem.

Keywords:

• protozoa
• protozooplankton
• nauplii
• appendicularia
• Noctiluca
• tintinnid

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the crew of SQU research vessel “Al Jamyah” for their support during the sampling campaign. Salim Al-Khusaibi helped a lot with sampling and Nelly Krivozerova was involved in taxonomic processing of microzooplankton samples. Data collection and analysis was supported by the SQU grants IG/AGR/FISH/17/01 and CL/SQU-UAEU/14/01.