Effects of a community-based health education intervention on eye health literacy of adults in Vietnam

Figures & data

Figure 1. Multistage systematic random sampling undertaken in the study for the selection of households.

Table 1. Demographic characteristics of participants in the intervention and control groups.

	Intervention		Control
	Pre (N, %)	Post (N, %)	Pre (N, %)	Post (N, %)
Age (yrs) 30–49 50 above	100 (50) 100 (50)	100 (50) 100 (50)	100 (50) 100 (50)	100 (50) 100 (50)
Gender Male Female	100 (50) 100 (50)	100 (50) 100 (50)	100 (50) 100 (50)	100 (50) 100 (50)
Area Rural Urban	132 (66) 68 (34)	132 (66) 68 (34)	132 (66) 68 (34)	125 (62.5) 75 (37.5)
Education Primary or low Secondary or higher	139 (69.5) 61 (30.5)	95 (47.5) 105 (52.5)	119 (59.5) 81 (40.5)	86 (43.0) 114 (57.0)
Income Lower (<350,000VND) Middle (350–5,000 000 VND) High (>5,000 000 VND)	31 (15.5) 165 (82.5) 4 (2.0)	6 (3.0) 166 (83.0) 28 (14.0)	24 (12.0) 164 (82.0) 12 (6.0)	11 (5.5) 155 (77.5) 34 (17.0)

Table 2. Proportion, and odds (OR) of participants in the intervention and control groups reporting knowledge of eye diseases

	Intervention group (n=200)			Control group (n=200)			Intervention vs. Control*
	Pre-survey (N, %)	Post-survey (N, %)	p -value	Pre-survey (N, %)	Post-survey (N, %)	p- value	Odds ratio with 95% CI	p-value
Red eye Heard of Know about causes  Poor eye hygiene  Epidemic Infections Know preventive measures  Regular hand wash  Avoid crowded places  Use clean water  Avoid physical contact  Use eye drops	105 (52.5) 4 (2.0) 24 (12.0) 27 (13.5) 6 (3.0) 20 (10) 42 (21) 20 (10)	192 (96.0) 12 (6.0) 38 (19.0) 39 (19.5) 37 (18.5) 42 (21) 80 (40) 50 (25)	<0.001 0.07 0.07 0.13 <0.001 0.003 <0.001 <0.001	106 (53.0) 10 (5.0) 31 (15.5) 12 (6.0) 11 (5.5) 40 (20) 35 (17.5) 36 (18)	192 (96.0) 12 (6.0) 45 (22.5) 34 (17.0) 21 (10.5) 25 (12.5) 54 (27.0) 47 (23.5)	<0.001 0.80 0.09 <0.001 0.09 0.06 0.03 0.22	1.0 (0.3 to 2.9) 2.4 (0.6 to 10.2) 1.0 (0.5 to 2.2) 0.47 (0.2 to 1.1) 3.5 (1.1 to 11.4) 4.1 (1.9 to 9.1) 1.4 (0.7 to 2.7) 2.1 (1.0 to 4.5)	0.99 0.24 0.93 0.10 0.03 0.001 0.30 0.04
Cataract Heard of Know best treatment (surgery) Know blindness is reversible	43 (21.5) 22 (11) 22 (11.0)	93 (46.5) 43 (21.5) 57 (28.5)	<0.001 <0.05 <0.001	64 (32.0) 45 (22.5) 39 (19.5)	78 (39.0) 43 (21.5) 41 (20.5)	0.17 0.80 0.40	2.3 (1.3 to 4.2) 3.1 (1.5 to 6.4) 3.3 (1.6 to 7.0)	0.008 0.003 0.002
Refractive error Heard of Know best treatment (eyeglasses)	87 (43.5) 48 (24.0)	123 (61.5) 95 (47.5)	<0.001 <0.001	100 (50.0) 61 (30.5)	126 (63.0) 96 (48.0)	0.012 <0.001	1.2 (0.7 to 2.1) 1.3 (0.7 to 2.4)	0.60 0.38
Glaucoma Heard of Know best treatment (drop/ surgery) Know vision loss is permanent	14 (7.0) 9 (4.5) 8 (4.0)	43 (21.5) 28 (14) 17 (8.5)	<0.001 0.001 0.02	14 (7.0) 7 (3.5) 8 (4.0)	40 (20.0) 19 (9.5) 20 (10.0)	<0.001 0.015 0.006	1.1 (0.4 to 2.8) 1.2 (0.4 to 3.8) 0.8 (0.3 to 2.8)	0.87 0.80 0.77
Diabetic retinopathy Heard of Know best treatment (laser, surgery) Know vision loss is treatable	34 (17.0) 6 (3.0) 12 (6.0)	60 (30.0) 7 (3.5) 24 (12.0)	0.003 0.80 0.04	26 (13.0) 1 (0.5) 8 (4.0)	61 (30.5) 12 (6.0) 27 (13.5)	<0.001 0.001 <0.001	0.7 (0.3 to 1.4) 0.1 (0.01 to 0.9) 0.6 (0.2 to 1.7)	0.30 0.04 0.30
Presbyopia Heard of Know best treatment (eyeglasses)	96 (48.0) 58 (29)	102 (51.0) 79 (39.5)	0.62 0.03	102 (51.0) 56 (28)	106 (53.0) 73 (36.5)	0.75 0.07	1.0 (0.6 to 1.8) 1.0 (0.6 to 2.0)	0.99 0.93

*Adjusted for level of education; Bold values refer to statistical significance.

Table 3. Factors associated with disease awareness among participants in the intervention and control groups.

	Heard of disease^* Odds ratio (95% CI); p-value
	Red Eye	Cataract	Refractive error	Glaucoma	Diabetic eye disease	Presbyopia
Locality Rural Urban	1 (Ref) 0.8 (0.6 to 1.2); 0.25	1 (Ref) 2.0 (1.4 to 2.8); <0.001	1 (Ref) 1.6 (1.2 to 2.2); 0.002	1 (Ref) 1.5 (0.9 to 2.3); 0.09	1 (Ref) 1.3 (0.9 to 1.8); 0.18	1 (Ref) 1.4 (1.0 to 1.9); 0.04
Age 30–49 years ≥50 years	1 (Ref) 0.7 (0.5 to 1.0); 0.05	1 (Ref) 1.1 (08 to 1.5); 0.59	1 (Ref) 0.9 (0.7 to 1.3); 0.72	1 (Ref) 1.4 (0.9 to 2.1); 0.16	1 (Ref) 1.3 (0.9 to 1.9); 0.16	1 (Ref) 1.0 (0.8 to 1.4); 0.82
Gender Female Male	1 (Ref) 0.8 (0.5 to 1.1); 0.10	1 (Ref) 1.1 (0.8 to 1.5); 0.57	1 (Ref) 1.0 (0.7 to 1.3); 0.81	1 (Ref) 0.8 (0.5 to 1.2); 0.20	1 (Ref) 1.1 (0.8 to 1.6); 0.51	1 (Ref) 0.9 (0.7 to 1.2); 0.52
Education School≤Primary School≥ Secondary	1 (Ref) 2.2 (1.5 to 3.2); <0.001	1 (Ref) 2.0 (1.4 to 2.8); <0.001	1 (Ref) 2.4 (1.8 to 3.3);<0.001	1 (Ref) 1.5 (0.9 to 2.3); 0.09	1 (Ref) 1.8 (1.3 to 2.6); 0.001	1 (Ref) 2.0 (1.5 to 2.7); <0.001
Family income Low income Middle income High income	1 (Ref) 2.7 (1.6 to 4.7);< 0.001 1.9 (1.1 to 3.3); 0.03	1 (Ref) 0.8 (0.4 to 1.4); 0.42 0.8 (0.5 to 1.5); 0.39	1 (Ref) 1.5 (0.8 to 2.5);0.17 1.3 (0.7 to 2.3);0.12	1 (Ref) 0.8 (0.4 to 1.7); 0.65 0.9 (0.4 to 1.9); 0.71	1 (Ref) 0.6 (0.3 to 1.2); 0.15 1.1 (0.6 to 2.1); 0.79	1 (Ref) 1.6 (0.9 to 2.8); 0.09 1.2 (0.7 to 2.2); 0.44
Possess eyeglasses No Yes	1 (Ref) 1.2 (0.8 to 1.7); 0.30	1 (Ref) 2.0 (1.5 to 2.8); <0.001	1 (Ref) 1.7 (1.2 to 2.3); 0.001	1 (Ref) 2.2 (1.4 to 3.4); <0.001	1 (Ref) 1.5 (1.1 to 2.1); 0.02	1 (Ref) 2.2 (1.6 to 2.9); <0.001
Eye check Never Yes	1 (Ref) 1.1 (0.8 to 1.5); 0.71	1 (Ref) 2.1 (1.5 to 2.9); <0.001	1 (Ref) 1.2 (0.9 to 1.6); 0.24	1 (Ref) 2.4 (1.5 to 3.8); <0.001	1 (Ref) 1.1 (0.8 to 1.6); 0.59	1 (Ref) 0.9 (0.7 to 1.2); 0.58

^aAdjusted for study intervention (test vs control); Bold values refer to statistical significance.

Table 4. Pre- and post-comparison of eye examination and treatment practices in the intervention and control groups.

	Intervention community		p-value	Control community		p-value
	Pre	Post		Pre	Post
Ever had health check  Yes  No	162 (81.0) 38 (19.0)	164 (82.0) 36 (18.0)	0.80	171 (85.5) 29 (14.5)	165 (82.5) 35 (17.5)	0.41
Ever had eye check  Yes  No	91 (45.5) 109 (54.5)	111 (55.5) 89 (44.5)	0.04	95 (47.5) 105 (52.5)	111 (55.5) 89 (44.5)	0.11
Wear eyeglasses  Yes  No	67 (33.5) 133 (66.5)	81 (40.5) 119 (59.5)	0.12	85 (42.5) 115 (57.5)	83 (41.5) 117 (58.5)	0.84
If do not wear eyeglasses, why?  I don’t have vision problem  I don’t like wearing eyeglasses  I have no money to purchase  I never have had eye examination	95 (71.4) 26 (19.5) 3 (2.3) 6 ((4.5)	64 (53.8) 46 (38.7) 1 (0.8) 4 (3.4)	NA	90 (78.3) 21 (18.3) 1 (0.9) 1 (0.9)	53 (45.3) 55 (47.0) 1 (0.9) 4 (3.4)	NA
Eyeglasses improved vision  Yes  No	61 (91.0) 6 (9.0)	70 (86.4) 11 (13.6)	0.38	70 (82.4) 15 (17.6)	67 (80.7) 16 (19.3)	0.78
Eyeglasses affordable  Yes  No	58 (86.6) 9 (13.4)	74 (91.4) 7 (8.6)	0.35	75 (88.2) 10 (11.8)	75 (90.4) 8 (9.6)	0.66

NA, Not applicable; Bold values refer to statistical significance.