Geographic opportunities for assisted reproduction: a study of regional variations in access to fertility treatment in England

Figures & data

Table 1. Summary statistics for local authorities in England (N = 315).

	$\overline{\mathbf{X}}$ / %	SD	Min	Max
Number of clinics within 25 km	6.7	11.7	0	43
Number of clinics offering IVF within 25 km	4.5	8.5	0	30
Number of clinics offering IVF within 25 km (weighted)	8.4	15.5	0	55
Number of clinics offering IVF to NHS patients within 25 km	3.1	5.1	0	19
Number of clinics offering IVF to NHS patients within 25 km (weighted)	4.1	6.9	0	25
Total female population aged 18–50	38,083.0	29,105.2	6,584	273,956
GDHI per head (logged)	9.9	0.2	9.5	11.3
Cars per household	1.3	0.4	0.3	3.2
IMD quintiles:
1–2 (most deprived)	40.3
3	20.0
4–5 (least deprived)	39.7
Degree of urbanization:
Mainly rural (≥80% rural)	14.6
Largely rural (50%-79% rural)	13.0
Urban with significant rural (26%-49% rural)	16.2
Urban with city and town (<26% rural)	29.8
Urban with minor/major conurbation (<26% rural)	26.4
Region:
East Midlands	12.7
East of England	14.3
London	10.2
North East	3.8
North West	12.4
South East	21.3
South West	9.2
West Midlands	9.5
Yorkshire and The Humber	6.7

Figure 1. Clinics location by IVF provision.

a. Clinics location in England with regional and local authority district boundaries.

b. Clinics location by IVF provision in London with local authority district boundaries

Figure 2. Clinics rate within 25 km per 10,000 women aged 18-50.

Figure 3. Clinics rate within 25 km per 10,000 women aged 18-50, weighted by the volume of IVF provision.

Table 2. Negative binomial regression model for fertility clinics within a range of 25 km (incidence rate ratios) ^a.

	1. All clinics	2. IVF clinics	3. IVF clinics for NHS patients	4. IVF clinics (weighted)	5. IVF clinics for NHS patients (weighted)
GDHI per head (logged)	3.190***	3.764***	2.530***	4.670***	3.108***
Cars per household	1.292	1.364	1.279	1.453	1.435*
IMD quintiles:
1-2 (most deprived)	0.701*	0.662*	0.666**	0.659*	0.690*
3	0.737*	0.644**	0.661**	0.730	0.696*
4-5 (least deprived, ref.)	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000
Degree of urbanization:
Mainly rural	0.164***	0.131***	0.175***	0.132***	0.153***
Largely rural	0.173***	0.115***	0.162***	0.117***	0.147***
Urban with significant rural	0.317***	0.268***	0.331***	0.244***	0.279***
Urban with city and town	0.362***	0.299***	0.330***	0.304***	0.302***
Urban with minor/major conurbation (ref.)	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000
Region:
London (ref.)	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000
East Midlands	0.717	0.633	0.751	0.898	0.772
East of England	0.616*	0.578*	0.532**	0.499**	0.501**
North East	0.435**	0.497*	0.327**	0.424*	0.358**
North West	0.303***	0.296***	0.345***	0.374***	0.494**
South East	0.552**	0.465***	0.557**	0.453**	0.533**
South West	0.277***	0.304***	0.325***	0.254***	0.261***
West Midlands	0.525**	0.565*	0.667	0.682	0.706
Yorkshire and the Humber	0.085***	0.086***	0.111***	0.122***	0.092***
N	315	315	315	315	315
Pseudo R^2	0.18	0.20	0.20	0.14	0.18

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.

^aThe model includes the natural log of female population aged 18-50 with its coefficient constraint to 1.