Mental health, eating behaviour and injuries in professional dance students

Figures & data

Figure 1. An overview of invited participants, the numbers not responding to recruitment, and the total number included; also separated by schools.

Table 1. Demographic information on participants. Presentation is according to the total sample, and sorted by schools, and academic year. Results are mean (95% CI), and effect size is by Hedges g

Participant	Sex	Age	BMI	Age of dance career initiation	Age of dance-profess.	Dance genres		PA^#, h/wk
						Jazz	Cont.
Total, n = 124	F = 110 (89%) M = 14 (11%)	20.7 (20.4, 20.9)	21.4 (21.0, 21,8)	8.2 (7.4, 9.0)	16.2 (15.7, 16.4)	72 (58%)	52 (42%)	21.0 (58)
Females n = 110		20.6 (20.2, 20.8)	21.5 (21.1, 21.9)	7.6 (6.8, 8.4)	16.1 (15.6, 16.7)	65 (59%)	45 (41%)	21.9 (19.7, 24.2)
Males n = 14		21.5 (20.3, 22.7)	20.9 (20.0, 21.9)	12.6 (10.5, 14.6)	16.6 (14.8, 18.5)	7 (50%)	7 (50%)	26.1 (20.4, 31.9)
Diff. between sexes		-0.9 (-1.9; -0.0)	0.6 (-0.7; 1.7)	-4.9 (-7.2; -2.6)	-0.5 (-2.1; 1.2)	F = 65 M = 7	F = 45 M = 7	-4.3 (-10.7; 2.2)
		p = 0.04 g = 0.54	p = 0.36 g = 0.26	p < 0.001 g = -1.21	p = 0.57 g = -0.15	p = 0.20		p = 0.19 g = -0.36
Schools
S1, n = 77 (62%)	F = 73 M = 4	20.6 (20.2, 21.0)	21.9 (21.4, 22.4)	8.1 (7.1, 9.1)	16.3 (15.6, 17.0)	45 (58%)	32 (42%)	16.0 (56)
S2, n = 47 (38%)	F = 37 M = 10	20.8 (20.3, 21.3)	20.7 (20.2, 21.2)	8.3 (7.0, 9.7)	16.1 (15.3, 16.8)	27 (57%)	20 (43%)	26.0 (46)
Diff between schools		-0,2 (-0.8; 0.4)	1.2 (0.5; 2.0)	-0.2 (-1.8; 1.4)	0.26 (-0.8; 1.3)			-7.0 (-11.1; -2.9)
		p = 0.59 g = -0.12	p = 0.002 g = 0.58	p = 0.79 g = -0.05	p = 0.64 g = 0.08	p = 0.19		p < 0.001 g = -0.38
Academic year
1^st year, n = 46 (37%)	F = 43 M = 3	19.5 (19.1, 19.8)	21.6 (20.9, 22.3)	7.0 (5.9, 8.2)	16.2 (15.4, 17.0)	26 (57%)	20 (43%)	14.0 (42)
2^nd year, n = 38 (31%)	F = 28 M = 10	21.0 (20.5, 21.5)	21.4 (20.7, 22.1)	9.7 (8.2, 11.2)	16.7 (15.8, 17.6)	20 (53%)	18 (47%)	20.5 (53)
3^rd year, n = 40 (32%)	F = 39 M = 1	21.7 (21.3, 22.2)	21.3 (20.6, 21.9)	8.0 (6.7, 9.6)	15.8 (14.7, 16.9)	26 (65%)	14 (35%)	24.0 (58)
Diff. between. acad.years		p < 0.001*	p = 0.75	p < 0.001**	p = 0.38	p = 0.32		p < 0.005***

S-1, school-1; S-2, school-2; F, female; M, male; CI, confidence interval; Profess., professionalisation; jazz, jazzdance; cont, contemporary dance; PA, physical activity; h, hours; ^# median (range); * significant different to 2^nd and 3^rd year students (p < 0.001); **significant different to 2^nd year students (p = 0.02); *** 1^st year significantly different to 2^nd year (p = 0.005) and to 3^rd year (p < 0.001).

Table 2. Symptoms of depression or anxiety, perfectionism, self-esteem, body appreciation, and resilience. Presentation is according to the total sample,and sorted by schools, and by academic year. Results are mean (99% CI) if not otherwise stated

Participant	SCL	CAPS SOP	CAPS SPP	RSS	BAS	RSA
Total, n = 124	2.0 (1.9, 2.2)	3.3 (3.1, 3.5)	2.7 (2.5, 2.9)	2.3 (2.2, 2.5)	3.5 (3.3, 3.7)	3.7 (3.5, 3.8)
Females n = 110	2.1 (1.9, 2.3)	3.3 (3.2, 3.5)	2.7 (2.5, 2.9)	2.3 (2.2, 2.5)	3.4 (3.3, 3.7)	3.6 (3.5, 3.8)
Males n = 14	1.7 (1.3, 2.1)	3.1 (2.6, 3.7)	2.4 (1.9, 3.0)	2.0 (1.5, 2.4)	3.9 (3.1, 4.6)	4.1 (3.8, 4.3)
Diff between sexes	0,4 (-0.1, 0.9)	0,19 (-0.3, 0.7)	0.26 (-0.3, 0.9)	-0.38 (-0.0, 0.8)	-0.38 (-0.98, 0.20)	-0.45 (-0.7, -0.2)
	p = 0.03 g = 0.67	p = 0.33 g = 0.28	p = 0.24 g = 0.38	p = 0.014 g = 0.76	p = 0.09 g = -0.50	p < 0.001 g = -0.78
Schools
S-1, n = 77 (62%)	2.1 (1.9, 2.4)	3.4 (3.2, 3.6)	2.8 (2.5, 3.0)	2.4 (2.2, 2.6)	3.4 (3.1, 3.6)	3.6 (3.4, 3.8)
S-2, n = 47 (38%)	1.9 (1.6, 2.1)	3.2 (2.9, 3.4)	2.5 (2.2, 2.8)	2.2 (1.9, 2.4)	3.7 (3.4, 4.0)	3.9 (3.6, 4.1)
Diff. between schools	0.27 (0.0, 0.5)	0.23 (-0.0, 0.5)	0.24 (-0.0, 0.5)	0.23 (-0.0, 0.5)	-0.33 (-0.6, -0.0)	-0.30 (-0.5, -0.1)
	p = 0.03 g = 0.45	p = 0.08 g = 0.29	p = 0.11 g = 0.39	p = 0.03 g = 0.35	p = 0.03 g = --0.42	p = 0.013 g = -0.47
Academic year
1^st year, n = 46 (37%)	2.0 (1.7, 2.3)	3.3 (3.0, 3.5)	2.6 (2.3, 2.9)	2.4 (2.2, 2.6)	3.4 (3.1, 3.7)	3.7 (3.4, 3.9)
2^nd year, n = 38 (31%)	2.0 (1.8, 2.3)	3.3 (3.0, 3.6)	2.7 (2.3, 3.0)	2.3 (2.0, 2.5)	3.4 (3.0, 3.8)	3.6 (3.3, 3.9)
3^rd year, n = 40 (32%)	2.1 (1.8, 2.4)	3.3 (3.0, 3.7)	2.8 (2.4, 3.2)	2.2 (2.0, 2.4)	3.7 (3.4, 4.0)	3.8 (3.5, 4.1)
Diff. between academ. years	p = 0.71	p = 0.95	p = 0.42	p = 0.13	p = 0.13	p = 0.47

S-1, school-1; S-2, school-2; CI, confidence interval; SCL, symptoms check list; BAS, body appreciation scale; RSS, Rosenberg self-esteem scale; CAPS, children and adolescent perfectionism scale; SOP, self-oriented perfectionism; SPP, socially-prescribed perfectionism; RSA, resilience scale for adults.

Figure 2. The percent of the total female sample and of females from the two schools separately, who scores above cut-off for LEAF-total, LEAF-MI and LEAF-GD. NOTE: LEAF, low energy availability for females; MI, menstrual irregularities; GD, gastrointestinal dysfunction; S-1, school-1; S-2, school-2, a, significant difference between schools, p = 0.005.

Table 3. Symptoms of eating disorder (EDE-q). EDE-q scores are presented for the total sample, and samples distributed by schools and academic year. Results are median (range)

Participant	EDE-q global score	EDE-q bodyweight concern	EDE-q figure concern	EDE-q eating concern	EDE-q eating restriction
Total, n = 124	1.3 (4.9)	1.6 (6.0)	2.1 (5.9)	0.4 (4.4)	0.8 (5.0)
Females n = 110	1.4 (4.9)	1.6 (6.0)	0.8 (5.0)	0.4 (4.4)	2.4 (5.9)
Males n = 14	0.4 (2.7)	0.5 (4.2)	0.3 (2.6)	0.1 (0.6)	0.8 (4.4)
Diff between sexes	p = 0.010	p = 0.017	p = 0.12	p = 0.03	p = 0.010
Schools
S-1, n = 77 (62%)	1.4 (4.5)	1.8 (6.0)	2.5 (5.9)	0.4 (4.4)	0.8 (5.0)
S-2, n = 47 (38%)	0.9 (4.9)	1.0 (5.6)	1.8 (5.8)	0.2 (4.2)	0.6 (4.4)
Diff. between schools	p = 0.027	p = 0.040	p = 0.019	p = 0.279	p = 0.165
Academic year
1^st year, n = 46 (37%)	1.3 (4.9)	1.8 (5.6)	2.4 (5.8)	0.3 (3.8)	0.8 (5.0)
2^nd year, n = 38 (31%)	1.2 (4.5)	1.4 (5.8)	2.1 (5.9)	0.4 (4.2)	0.7 (3.4)
3^rd year, n = 40 (32%)	1.3 (4.5)	1.2 (6.0)	2.0 (5.5)	0.3 (4.4)	0.6 (4.2)
Diff. between academ. year	p = 0.672	p = 0.512	p = 0.480	p = 0.835	p = 0.954

S-1, school-1; S-2, school-2; CI, confidence interval; EDE-q, eating disorder examination questionnaire.

Figure 3. The percentage of total student sample, of students sorted by schools, and students sorted by academic year, who scores above clinical cut-off in EDE-q global score, binge eating behaviour, and purging behaviour. NOTE: S-1, school-1; S-2, school-2, 1^st, 1^st year students; 2^nd, 2^nd year students; 3^rd, 3^rd year students; Bingeing, ≥4 binge eating episodes with loss of control last 28 days (EDE-q-14); Purging, ≥4 purging episodes last 28 days (EDE-q-16-18).