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Articles

Young women and public leisure spaces in contemporary Beijing: recreating (with) gender, tradition, and place

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Pages 449-469 | Published online: 10 Mar 2014
 

Abstract

Feminist geographers and leisure scholars have long argued that one critical way to understand gendered norms and expectations is through examining women's access to and experiences of leisure activities. Set in the context of the rapid economic, political, and social changes that have taken place in Beijing over the past half century, this article draws on in-depth interviews and extensive participant observation to explore the role of newly available public leisure spaces in the lives and leisure of young women in Beijing, in particular by examining the way that these spaces provide an opportunity for the negotiation of new gender norms and identities. Through an analysis of the interaction of gender norms and practices with women's use of and behavior in public leisure spaces, we argue that women's behavior in public leisure spaces in contemporary Beijing remains strongly circumscribed by gendered norms. Rather than their presence itself constituting a challenge to gender expectations, in many cases their leisure behavior and experiences serve to reinforce the social norms that masculinize public leisure spaces. In spite of this, however, the findings of this research suggest that public leisure spaces may, in some cases, provide women with a place from which to challenge gender norms.

Las mujeres jóvenes y los espacios públicos de ocio en la contemporánea Beijing: Recreando (con) género, tradición, y lugar

Geógrafos feministas y estudiosos del ocio han sostenido desde hace tiempo que una forma fundamental para entender las normas y expectativas de género es mediante el examen del comportamiento y acceso de las mujeres a las actividades de ocio. Situado en el contexto de los rápidos cambios económicos, políticos y sociales que han tenido lugar en Beijing en el último medio siglo, este artículo se vale de entrevistas detalladas y de la amplia observación de participantes para explorar el papel de los nuevos espacios públicos de ocio disponibles en la vida y el ocio de las mujeres jóvenes en Beijing, en particular mediante el examen de la forma en que estos espacios ofrecen una oportunidad para tratar con nuevas normas e identidades de género. A través de un análisis de la interacción de las normas y prácticas de género con el uso de las mujeres de espacios públicos de ocio y su comportamiento en los mismos, se argumenta que el comportamiento de las mujeres en los espacios públicos de ocio en la ciudad contemporánea de Beijing sigue estando estrechamente circunscrito por normas de género. En lugar de constituir su propia presencia un desafío a las expectativas de género, en muchos casos su comportamiento y experiencias de ocio sirven para reforzar las normas sociales que masculinizan los espacios públicos de ocio. A pesar de esto, sin embargo, los resultados de esta investigación sugieren que los espacios públicos de ocio pueden, en algunos casos, proporcionar a las mujeres un lugar donde empezar a cuestionar las normas de género.

Les jeunes femmes et les espaces de loisir publics dans le Pékin contemporain: Recréer (récréation avec) le genre, la tradition et le lieu

Les géographes féministes et les universitaires spécialistes des loisirs allèguent depuis longtemps qu'une manière critique de comprendre les normes et attentes d'appartenance catégorielle de sexe, repose dans l'examen de l'accès des femmes aux activités de loisir et de leur expérience dans ce domaine. Situé dans le contexte des changements rapides économiques, politiques et sociaux qui ont eu lieu à Pékin pendant le dernier demi-siècle, cet article puise dans des entretiens approfondis et dans l'ample observation de participants pour explorer le rôle des espaces publics de loisirs récemment disponibles dans la vie et les loisirs des jeunes femmes pékinoises, en examinant en particulier la façon dont ces espaces fournissent l'occasion de la négociation de nouvelles normes et identités relatives aux deux sexes. A travers une analyse de l'interaction des normes et des pratiques d'appartenance catégorielle de sexe, de l'usage des lieux de loisirs publics des femmes et de leur comportement dans ces lieux, nous soutenons que le comportement des femmes dans les lieux de loisirs publics dans le Pékin contemporain reste fortement limité par les normes d'appartenance catégorielle de sexe. On pourrait croire que leur présence même présenterait un défi, mais dans de nombreux cas, leur comportement de loisirs et leurs expériences servent plutôt à renforcer les normes sociales qui masculinisent les espaces de loisir publics. Toutefois, les résultats de cette recherche suggèrent quand même que les espaces de loisirs publics peuvent dans certains cas apporter aux femmes un tremplin duquel défier les normes d'appartenance catégorielle de sexe.

Acknowledgements

We would like to express our gratitude to Lily Kong and the three anonymous reviewers of the paper whose suggestions helped us shape the arguments presented here. We would also like to extend a sincere thanks to those members of the Beijing community who so willingly participated in this research. We are grateful for their kindness, generosity, and support.

Notes

1. The public leisure spaces analyzed as a part of this research are extremely diverse in many ways, including in the ways these spaces themselves are gendered. However, we have chosen not to limit our analysis to a particular type of public leisure space, as women's differential negotiation of these diverse spaces is itself an important aspect of understanding women's presence in and experiences of public leisure space.

2. While this research focused primarily on women's gendered experiences of public space, topics such as familial responsibilities, gendered division of labor, and gender practices within the private sphere were discussed with each respondent, as these topics enabled us to contextualize women's experience of public leisure space. In contrast to a number of studies which suggest that a strong gendered division of labor continues to dominate the private sphere in the Chinese context (Kim Citation2010; Zuo and Bian Citation2001) and in support of studies which indicate relative equity in division of labor (Hsu Citation2008; Wei-Wei Da Citation2004), our respondents suggested that while caretaking remained primarily the women's responsibility, a more equitable division of labor was expected for most other household tasks.

3. It is important to note that the term ‘traditional Chinese girl’ was introduced by the respondents themselves in interviews and during observation, not by the researchers.

4. We follow Connell and Messerschmidt (Citation2005: 832) in defining ‘hegemonic masculinity’ as the pattern of practice ‘that allowed men's dominance over women to continue.’

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