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Editorial

Public religion and urban space in Europe

Pages 591-602 | Published online: 20 Jun 2014
 

Abstract

Conflicts related to demographic and cultural change in Europe regularly find their expression in struggles over the presence and visibility of religious buildings and groups. As this editorial argues, these conflicts can best be understood from a postsecular perspective that takes into account overlapping and diverging histories of state-formation and secularization. The papers collected for this special issue on public religion and urban space demonstrate that many of the difficulties that European societies face in accommodating religious diversity stem from historically formed relationships between national political identities and religious identities. In many European cases, secularization did not entail a fundamental separation between religion and politics but the formal establishment of one single national church or two competing ones, but territorially based national churches. One of the consequences of these types of establishments is that certain religious traditions are generally described and experienced as fitting with the nation and others are not. The contributors to this special issue show in detail that the struggles of contemporary religious movements in Europe to become present in the public domain are related to commonly accepted understandings of where and how religion should manifest itself in the urban environment, based on the public life of religious traditions that are considered part of the nation.

Religión pública y espacio urbano en Europa

Los conflictos relacionados con el cambio demográfico y cultural en Europa encuentran regularmente su expresión en la lucha por la presencia y la visibilidad de edificios y grupos religiosos. Como plantea esta editorial, estos conflictos pueden entenderse mejor desde una perspectiva pos-seglar que tenga en cuenta las historias superpuestas y divergentes de la formación del Estado y la secularización. Los trabajos reunidos en este número especial sobre la religión pública y el espacio urbano demuestran que muchas de las dificultades que enfrentan las sociedades europeas en dar cabida a la diversidad religiosa surgen de relaciones históricamente formadas entre identidades políticas nacionales e identidades religiosas. En muchos casos europeos, la secularización no implica una separación fundamental entre la religión y la política, sino el establecimiento formal de una iglesia nacional única o de dos que compiten, pero de iglesias con base en territorio nacional. Una de las consecuencias de este tipo de establecimientos es que ciertas tradiciones religiosas generalmente son descriptas y percibidas como adecuadas para la nación y otras no lo son. Los colaboradores en esta edición demuestran con detalle que la lucha de los movimientos religiosos contemporáneos en Europa para hacerse presente en el dominio público está relacionada con conocimientos comúnmente aceptados de dónde y cómo la religión debería manifestarse en el entorno urbano, a partir de la vida pública de tradiciones religiosas que se consideran parte de la nación.

Religion publique et espace urbain en Europe

Les conflits liés aux changements démographiques et culturels en Europe sont régulièrement exprimés à travers des désaccords au sujet de la présence et de la visibilité de bâtiments et de groupes religieux. Comme l'argumente cet éditorial, ces conflits sont mieux compris d'un point de vue post séculaire qui prend en compte l'imbrication et la divergence dans l'histoire de la formation des états et de la sécularisation. Les articles réunis dans ce numéro spécial sur la religion publique et l'espace urbain démontrent que beaucoup des difficultés auxquelles les sociétés européennes font face quant à l'acceptation de la diversité religieuse, proviennent de rapports formés historiquement entre des identités politiques nationales et des identités religieuses. Dans de nombreux cas européens, la sécularisation n'a pas impliqué une séparation fondamentale entre la religion et la politique mais l'établissement d'une seule église nationale ou de deux églises en compétition, mais des églises nationales fondées sur le territoire. Une des conséquences de ces types d'établissements est que certaines traditions religieuses sont en général décrites et ressenties comme étant en accord avec la nation et d'autres non. Les contributeurs à ce numéro spécial montrent en détail que les difficultés des mouvements religieux contemporains en Europe à exercer une présence dans le domaine public sont liées à l'acception courante du lieu et de la façon dont la religion devrait se manifester dans le cadre urbain, basés sur la vie publique de traditions religieuses considérées comme faisant partie de la nation.

Acknowledgements

This special issue was first conceived during the panel ‘Religion and Urban Space’ at the Annual RC21 Conference in 2011 at the University of Amsterdam (July 7–9, 2011). I wish to thank the co-organizers of this conference, the Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research and the Department of Urban Studies, for allowing the contributors of this special issue to present their work at this panel. I wish to thank Justin Beaumont (University of Groningen) for his critical remarks and for pointing me to the work of a number of scholars who have influenced the debates on the postsecular. I also wish to thank the postsecular publics research group at Utrecht University, specifically Patrick Eisenlohr, Birgit Meyer, and Rosi Braidotti and the research team of Global Prayers, specifically Stephan Lanz, Kathrin Wildner, and Jochen Becker.

Notes

1. See the 2010 conflicts related to the closure of a Muslim prayer room and the rejection of a multi-faith room by Islamic students: ‘Muslim students continue street protest over closure of prayer room,’ http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storycode = 410874, accessed 3 May 2013.

2. Rotterdam has a large community of migrants from Cape-Verde, London from Brazil and Paris from Ghana, to give some examples.

3. To be clear, this does not imply that all people who practice religion inspired by eastern religious traditions formerly belonged to Christian churches.

4. Not in the least because the efforts to create ‘cohesive cities’ also may create or deepen rifts within presumed homogenous religious communities.

5. A good example of the intertwinement of legal-conceptual definitions and territorial-symbolic demarcations is the state's appropriation of church cemeteries in different European cities in the nineteenth century (Rémond, Citation1999).

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