Acknowledgements
Research for this article has been carried out with support from Dong-A University.
Notes
East Asia may denote both Northeast and Southeast Asia, or just Northeast Asia. Singapore is geographically part of Southeast Asia, but its cultural and political economic characteristics are quite similar to those of Northeast Asian countries. Thus, when we classify Singapore as part of East Asia, it is assumed to share many Northeast Asian characteristics.
See Chang Citation(2012a) on the definition and class bias of developmental citizenship.