http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9932-9222
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Abstract
In a context of intense competition, emphasized by globalization processes, the football industry seeks to maximize performances through an incessant search for high quality skilled players. In a market logic, these players become a scarce asset. They are intensely sought out by teams, which results in an intense migration flow of footballers. Portuguese football is also imbedded in these migrations dynamics. Although it is not a new phenomenon in recent years, Portugal has become a crossroads of migratory flows players, with a large number of foreign players to reach national clubs, and many Portuguese players to go to foreign clubs. The aim of this paper is to observe the migratory trends of football players in Portugal, and identify the migratory routes not only of the foreign players who arrived in Portugal, but also of the Portuguese players who go abroad.
Notes
1. UEFA website. http://pt.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/season=2011/matches/round=2000133/match=2006268/index.html [accessed December 2010].
2. The Primeira Liga is the top professional association football division of the Portuguese football league system.
3. Besson, Poli and Ravenel, Global Player Migration.
4. SJPF, Utilização de jogadores portugueses, 4.
5. Nolasco, “Fintar Fronteiras,” 267.
6. Bale and Maguire, The Global Sports Arena.
7. Stead and Maguire, Rite de Passage, 36.
8. Maguire and Pearton, “Global Sport,” 175.
9. In 1994, the first major work on sports labour migration (Bale and Maguire, The global sports arena), in addition to football, also made reviews to other sports such as rugby, cricket, ice hockey, basketball or athletics, affected by this migratory phenomenon.
10. Poli, Ravenel, and Besson, “Exporting Countries in world Football.”
11. Castles and Miller, The Age of Migration.
12. Bale and Maguire, The Global Sports Arena.
13. The example that best illustrates the sporting miscegenation is the France team that won the World Cup in 1998. This team, which became known as Black, Blanc et Beur is a reflection of the migratory tendencies in French society; Carrard, “L’Equipe de France.”
14. In contemporary football the circumstances of Athlétic Bilbao are unique because the team is restricted to athletes who are Basque by birth or descent.
15. In this regard, see the number of foreign-born players in the 2014 football world cup in Brazil. https://qz.com/219247/which-world-cup-teams-will-field-the-most-foreign-born-players/ [accessed April 2017].
16. Elliott and Maguire, “Thinking Outside,” 482.
17. Horne, Sport in Consumer Culture.
18. Bale, The Brawn Drain.
19. Bale and Maguire, The Global Sports Arena.
20. Maguire and Pearton, “Global Sport,” 175.
21. Ben-Porat, “The Political Economy of Soccer,” 54.
22. Magee and Sugden, “The World at their Feet.”
23. Darby, “Africa’s place in FIFA.”
24. Taylor, “Global Players.”
25. Poli, “Production de footballeurs”; Poli, “Understanding Globalization.”
26. Takahashi and Horne, “Japanese Football Players.”
27. Maguire, “Real Politics.”
28. Dimeo and Ribeiro, “I am not a Foreigner Anymore.”
29. Carter, In Foreign Fields.
30. Darby, “Moving Players.”
31. Maguire and Pearton, “Global Sport,” 175.
32. Ruggi, Sonhos em Campo, 44.
33. Poli and Besson, “From the South to Europe,” 20.
34. Coelho and Pinheiro, A Paixão do Povo, 219.
35. Simões, “Do Futebolista da….”
36. Domingos, “Urban Football Narratives and the Colonial.”
37. Lanfranchi and Taylor, Moving with the Ball; Darby, “African Football Labour,” 498.
38. SL Benfica won the European Cup in 1960 and 1961, Sporting CP the Cup Winners Cup in 1964, and in the final stages of the 1966 World Cup Portugal came in third place.
39. Cleveland, “Following the Ball.”
40. Coelho and Pinheiro, A Paixão do Povo, 534.
41. Poli, Ravenel, and Besson, “Foreign Players,” 2.
42. Nolasco, “Fintar Fronteiras,” 267.
43. Poli Ravenel, and Besson, Annual Review, 36,.
44. Poli, Ravenel, and Besson, “Foreign Players,” 6.
45. Entity responsible for the organization of professional football in Portugal.
47. The number of registered clubs per season in the premier league was 16. In the five seasons in question, there were 16 clubs that always remained in the premier league, and seven others who were only there a few times due to relegation.
48. http://esportes.terra.com.br/futebol/noticias/0,,OI5057192-EI1832,00.html [accessed June 2016].
49. According to the Brazilian football Confederation, at the end of the first decade of the twenty-first century, the number of players going abroad per year was greater than 1,000 [www.cbf.com. accessed 2 August 2010].
50. The Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Consultation, grants to Brazilians in Portugal a wide range of rights, that in the context of football is reflected in the fact that players from this country do not have foreign status.
51. According to CIES Professional Football Players Observatory, in 2015 Brazil was the country that had most players abroad (1784), followed by Argentina with 929 and France with 758 (Poli, Ravenel, and Besson, “Foreign players,” 2).
52. As a result of methodological issues already identified, it is not possible to identify the number of players who are in this situation, which would certainly raise the profile of these players in Portuguese football.
53. Portes, Migrações internacionais.
54. Maguire, “Blade Runners.”
55. Magee and Sugden, “The World at their Feet.”
56. The football players accounted in the sub-categories ‘permanence in the country’ are those who, having come to Portugal, remain in the country until our registration of players has finished. This residence includes various situations that may range from five years to last half season.
57. Maguire, “Blade Runners.”
58. Magee and Sugden, “The World at their Feet.”
59. http://www.futebolfinance.com/as-20-ligas-que-mais-dinheiro-movimentaram-em-transferencias-201011 [accessed December 2011].
60. Soriano, A bola não entra, 52.
61. Baganha, “A Cada Sul o Seu Norte,” 142.