Federalism, multi-level elections and social policy in Brazil and India

Figures & data

Table 1. Which level of government are voters assessing in National Elections in India?

Election	Central government	State government	Both	Can’t say
2009	20.9	31.4	20.7	18.9
2014	23.8	26	26.4	17.7

Notes: Responses to the question ‘While voting, some people give more importance to the work done by the state government, while others give more importance to the work done by the central government in Delhi. While voting in this election, what mattered [or will matter] to you most?’ from NES 2009 pre-poll survey, sample size 36,641 and NES 2014 post-poll survey, sample size 20,951. Unweighted summary data accessed from http://www.lokniti.org/ on August 17th 2016.

Table 2. Who do voters credit for social programmes?

Scheme	Benefited	Not benefited	(of those benefited) Central government	State government	Local politician or party worker	Local bureaucrat	Can’t say
MGNREGA	20	80	27	42	16	5	10
Free medical facilities^a	21	79	20	56	10	5	9
Pensions	17	83	19	54	13	4	10

Notes: Responses to question on whether you had benefited from particular schemes, and ‘if benefited, who would you give credit for it: central government, state govt., local politicians/party worker, or local bureaucrat/government officer?’ Lokniti, 2014 post-poll survey, total respondents 22,301. Percentages calculated based on unweighted summary survey data downloaded from http://www.lokniti.org/. Accessed August 17th 2016.

^aThis question refers to the National Rural Health Mission.