Implementation and preliminary evaluation of ‘C-tone’: A novel algorithm to improve lexical tone recognition in Mandarin-speaking cochlear implant users

Abstract

Objectives: Because of limited spectral resolution, Mandarin-speaking cochlear implant (CI) users have difficulty perceiving fundamental frequency (F0) cues that are important to lexical tone recognition. To improve Mandarin tone recognition in CI users, we implemented and evaluated a novel real-time algorithm (C-tone) to enhance the amplitude contour, which is strongly correlated with the F0 contour.

Methods: The C-tone algorithm was implemented in clinical processors and evaluated in eight users of the Nurotron NSP-60 CI system. Subjects were given 2 weeks of experience with C-tone. Recognition of Chinese tones, monosyllables, and disyllables in quiet was measured with and without the C-tone algorithm. Subjective quality ratings were also obtained for C-tone.

Results: After 2 weeks of experience with C-tone, there were small but significant improvements in recognition of lexical tones, monosyllables, and disyllables (P < 0.05 in all cases). Among lexical tones, the largest improvements were observed for Tone 3 (falling–rising) and the smallest for Tone 4 (falling). Improvements with C-tone were greater for disyllables than for monosyllables. Subjective quality ratings showed no strong preference for or against C-tone, except for perception of own voice, where C-tone was preferred.

Discussion: The real-time C-tone algorithm provided small but significant improvements for speech performance in quiet with no change in sound quality. Pre-processing algorithms to reduce noise and better real-time F0 extraction would improve the benefits of C-tone in complex listening environments.

Conclusions: Chinese CI users’ speech recognition in quiet can be significantly improved by modifying the amplitude contour to better resemble the F0 contour.

Keywords:

• Cochlear implant
• Lexical tone
• Mandarin speech
• C-tone
• Nurotron

Acknowledgements

We thank all the subjects for participating in this research. We thank John J. Galvin III for editorial assistance.

Disclaimer statements

Contributors None.

Funding This study is sponsored by Nurotron Biotechnology and/or Zhejiang Nurotron Biotechnology.

Conflicts of interest In accordance with Taylor & Francis policy, we report that authors Ping, Wang, Tang, Lu, Yin, and Tu are all current or former employees of Nurotron Biotechnology and/or Zhejiang Nurotron Biotechnology. Dr Fu is a scientific advisor for Zhejiang Nurotron Biotechnology. The authors have disclosed those interests fully to Taylor & Francis, and have in place an approved plan for managing any potential conflicts arising from their relationship to Nurotron.

Ethics approval None.