Asphalt mixtures degradation induced by water, frost, and road salt in the 4-PB bending test evaluated by stiffness variability

Figures & data

Table 1. Mineral asphalt mix composition.

Mix type	Mix destination	Mineral mix composition	Binder type	Binder content
AC 22	Binder course Base course	16/22 gabbro grit – 31.0% 11/16 gabbro grit – 7.0% 8/11 gabbro grit – 10.0% 4/8 gabbro grit – 10.0% 2/5 gabbro grit – 16.0% 0/2 gabbro crushed sand – 18.0% 0/1 milled stone extender – 8.0%	35/50 WMA (common road asphalt) 35/50 (common road asphalt) 25/55-60 (modified asphalt, polymer SBS) 25/55-80 HIMA (highly modified asphalt, polymer SBS)	Three identical levels were analysed for each binder type: 4.24% 4.03% 3.82%

Figure 1. Prismatic specimen used in laboratory tests.

Table 2. General stiffness test conditions.

Test condition	Property	References
Static diagram	4 – PB – PR	PN-EN 13108-1:2016-07 (Polski Komitet Normalizacyjny, 2016a)
Load diagram	Cyclically determined	PN-EN 13108-20:2016-07 (Polski Komitet Normalizacyjny, 2016b)
Load cycle type	Oscillatory cycle	WT-2 (Generalna Dyrekcja Dróg Krajowych i Autostrad, 2014)
Load impuls shape	Sinusoidal	Mackiewicz (Mackiewicz, 2016)
Load condition	Controlled displacement
Frequency	Constant, $10.0\text{Hz}$
Temperature	Constant, 10.0°C	PN-EN 13108-1:2016-07 (Polski Komitet Normalizacyjny, 2016a) PN-EN 13108-20:2016-07 (Polski Komitet Normalizacyjny, 2016b) WT-2 (Generalna Dyrekcja Dróg Krajowych i Autostrad, 2014) Sybilski (Sybilski & Bańkowski, 2004) Judycki (Judycki, 2014) Pszczoła (Marek Pszczoła, 2018) Leszczyńska (Leszczyńska & Pszczoła, 2021) Haponiuk (Haponiuk & Zbiciak, 2016) Mączka (Mączka, 2022)

Figure 2. Hydraulic test machine.

Figure 3. Test stand – freeze-thaw impact.

Figure 4. Experimental brine soaking pattern.

Figure 5. Armed container before road salt dosage.

Figure 6. Road salt used in experiment and brine solution.

Figure 7. Sample result registered by testlab software.

Table 3. Comprehensive test results.

Mix	Binder type	$V_b$[%]	$V_m$ [%]	$\text{ITSR}$[%]	Variant	$E_{0,1}^{\ast }$[MPa]	$E_{0,2}^{\ast }$[MPa]	$D{I}_{(S)}$ [%]
A2	35/50 WMA	4.23%	4.10%	87%	ref	10,040	10,040
					f-t	10,343	9638	−6.82%
					rs	9909	9419	−4.94%
A3	35/50 WMA	4.03%	5.08%	84%	ref	10,657	10,657
					f-t	10,142	9316	−8.14%
					rs	10,271	9516	−7.35%
A4	35/50 WMA	3.82%	6.22%	80%	ref	9987	9987
					f-t	9948	8468	−14.87%
					rs	9400	8274	−11.99%
B2	35/50	4.23%	4.20%	90%	ref	10,138	10,138
					f-t	9993	9448	−5.45%
					rs	10,312	9934	−3.66%
B3	35/50	4.03%	4.44%	87%	ref	10,405	10,405
					f-t	10,385	9605	−7.51%
					rs	10,972	10,540	−3.94%
B4	35/50	3.82%	5.00%	84%	ref	10,136	10,136
					f-t	10,096	8684	−13.99%
					rs	10,614	10,099	−4.85%
C2	25/55-60	4.23%	4.00%	92%	ref	9673	9673
					f-t	9947	9859	−0.88%
					rs	9912	9857	−0.55%
C3	25/55-60	4.03%	5.08%	90%	ref	10,291	10,291
					f-t	10,100	9684	−4.11%
					rs	9879	9593	−2.89%
C4	25/55-60	3.82%	5.59%	87%	ref	9927	9927
					f-t	9016	8137	−9.74%
					rs	9535	9007	−5.54%
D2	25/55-80 HIMA	4.23%	4.34%	95%	ref	9520	9520
					f-t	9990	9966	−0.24%
					rs	9926	9907	−0.19%
D3	25/55-80 HIMA	4.03%	4.97%	92%	ref	10,284	10,284
					f-t	9709	9418	−3.00%
					rs	9901	9681	−2.22%
D4	25/55-80 HIMA	3.82%	5.77%	89%	ref	9836	9836
					f-t	10,166	9438	−7.16%
					rs	10,141	9720	−4.15%

The following symbols are used in Table 3: ref – reference set, f-t – set impacted to water and frost, rs – set impacted to road salt, $V_b$ – the percentage of binder content added to MMA (by weight) [%], $V_m$ – air void content in MMA [%], $ITSR$ – index of material resistance to water and frost in a static indirect tensile test [%], $E_{0,1}^{\ast }$ – stiffness modulus value before the corresponding impact (fresh) [MPa], $E_{0,2}^{\ast }$ – stiffness modulus value after the corresponding impact (degraded) [MPa], $D{I}_{(S)}$ – degradation expressed by the change in the stiffness modulus of the mixture [%].

Figure 8. Stiffness modulus fluctuation via different binder content levels.

Figure 9. Water and frost impact on mix degradation: (a) Degradation versus binder content. (b) Degradation versus air void content.

Figure 10. Correlation between ISTR and DI(S) – freeze-thaw (water and frost).

Figure 11. Road salt impact on mix degradation: (a) – degradation versus binder content, (b) – degradation versus air void content.

Figure 12. Correlation between ISTR and DI(S) – road salt.

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