Exploring the impact of humidity and water on bituminous binder aging: a multivariate analysis approach (TI CAB)

Figures & data

Table 1. Specifications of Q 70/100 and T 70/100 binders at fresh (unaged) state.

Property	Unit	Q PEN 70/100	T PEN 70/100
Penetration at 25°C	0.1 mm	70–100	70–100
Softening point	°C	43 – 51	43–51
Complex shear modulus at 1.6 Hz & 60°C	kPa	1.8	2.3
Phase angle at 1.6 Hz & 60°C	°	88	88

Figure 1. (a) Bitumen film of 1 mm in a petri-dish, (b) Climate chamber setup.

Figure 2. Average (a) minimum and maximum temperature, (b) precipitation (mm), (c) relative humidity (%) in Amsterdam, Netherlands during Jan. 2021 to Dec. 2021, from weather-and-climate.com.

Table 2. Main functional groups of binder in FTIR spectra (Zhang et al., 2019).

Area	Vertical band limit (cm^−1)	Functional groups
A810	710-912	Hydrocarbon chain, (CH2)n and CH
A1030	1047-995	Oxygenated function-sulfoxide, S=O
A1376	1390-1350	Branched aliphatic structures, CH3
A1460	1525-1395	Aliphatic structures, CH3 and CH2
A1600	1670-1535	Aromatic structure, C=C
A1700	1753-1685	Oxygenated function-carbonyl, C=O
A2953	2990-2880	Aliphatic structures, Symmetric, Asymmetric stretching, CH3

Figure 3. Illustration of a dendrogram depicting the hierarchy of leaves and clades.

Figure 4. FTIR spectra of Q binder aged at 60°C with 95% humidity during different aging times, i.e. 1, 7, 14, and 21 days.

Figure 5. FTIR results for (a) carbonyl index of Q samples, (b) carbonyl index of T samples, (c) sulfoxide index of Q samples, (d) sulfoxide index of T samples aged at 60°C, 70°C, and 85°C for 1, 7, 14, and 21 days in thermo-oxidative (O), hygrothermal (H), and water-immersion (W) conditions.

Figure 6. FTIR results for field aged samples of 2014–2018, (a) carbonyl index, (b) sulfoxide index.

Figure 7. Master curves (at 20°C) at 60°C for (a) Q binder and (b) T binder, at all aging states, i.e. fresh, TFOT short-term aged, and 1, 7, 14, 21 days (D) of hygrothermal (H), aqueous-thermal (W), and thermo-oxidative (O) conditioning.

Figure 8. Master curves (at 20°C) at 70°C for (a) Q binder and (b) T binder, at all aging states, i.e. fresh, TFOT short-term aged, and 1, 7, 14, 21 days (D) of hygrothermal (H), aqueous-thermal (W), and thermo-oxidative (O) conditioning.

Figure 9. Master curves (at 20°C) at 85°C for (a) Q binder and (b) T binder, at all aging states, i.e. fresh, TFOT short-term aged, and 1, 7, 14, 21 days (D) of hygrothermal (H), aqueous-thermal (W), and thermo-oxidative (O) conditioning.

Figure 10. Master curves (at 20°C) of field aged samples from 2014 to 2018.

Figure 11. Crossover complex modulus versus crossover frequency of Q binder at (a) 60°C, (b) 70°C, and (c) 85°C at all aging states, i.e. fresh, TFOT short-term aged, and 1, 7, 14, 21 days (D) of hygrothermal (H), aqueous-thermal (W), and thermo-oxidative (O) conditioning, (d) all 21-day aged samples of all conditions.

Figure 12. Crossover complex modulus versus crossover frequency of T binder at (a) 60°C, (b) 70°C, and (c) 85°C at all aging states, i.e. fresh, TFOT short-term aged, and 1, 7, 14, 21 days (D) of hygrothermal (H), aqueous-thermal (W), and thermo-oxidative (O) conditioning, d) all 21-day aged samples of all conditions.

Figure 13. Crossover complex modulus versus crossover frequency of field aged samples of 2014–2018.

Figure 14. Hierarchical clustering analysis of all laboratory-aged samples in combination with field aged samples from 2014 to 2018.

Zhang, Y., Liu, X., Apostolidis, P., Gard, W., van de Ven, M., Erkens, S., & Jing, R. (2019). Chemical and rheological evaluation of aged lignin-modified bitumen. Materials, 12(24), 4176. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12244176

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