Erdoğan and the Muslim Brotherhood: an outside-in approach to Turkish foreign policy in the Middle East

Figures & data

Table 1. The systemic and sub-systemic dynamics shaping Turkey’s Middle East Policy

		Period
		1945–1989	1989–2009	2009-now
System Level	Stimuli	World War II	The Demise of the Soviet Union	The Great Recession
	Global Order	Bipolar	Unipolar	Post-Unipolar
Subsystem Level	Stimuli	1952 Egyptian Revolution	1991 Gulf War	US Retreat, Arab Uprisings
	Regional Order	The Arab Cold War	US Hegemony	Power Vacuum
Unit Level	Turkey’s Foreign Policy	Status Quo	Integrationist Revisionism	Autonomous Expansionism

Figure 1. Ikhwan-affiliated political parties. Source: Author’s illustration.

Note: Countries in a dark red shade have designated the Ikhwan as a terrorist organization.