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Research Articles

Governance crises and resilience of authoritarian populism: 2023 Turkish elections from the perspective of Hirschman’s ‘exit, voice, and loyalty’

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Pages 383-403 | Received 22 Oct 2023, Accepted 02 Feb 2024, Published online: 25 Mar 2024

Figures & data

Figure 1. Rising inflation, depreciating Turkish lira, and current account deficit.

Source: Figure based on TCMB data.
Figure 1. Rising inflation, depreciating Turkish lira, and current account deficit.

Figure 2. Gini co-efficient, income and wealth inequality in Turkey.

Source: Figures based on TÜİK and WID data. Gini co-efficient data from TÜİK; income and wealth data from World Inequality database.
Figure 2. Gini co-efficient, income and wealth inequality in Turkey.

Figure 3. Positive growth and stable unemployment despite economic fluctuations.

Source: ‘Credits over GDP’ data retrieved from the Bank of International Settlements; ‘external debt over GDP’ data retrieved from the Ministry of Treasury and Finance; ‘growth’ and ‘unemployment’ data retrieved from the World Bank, World Development Indicators database.
Figure 3. Positive growth and stable unemployment despite economic fluctuations.