Perovskite solar cells: must lead be replaced – and can it be done?

Qi ZhangState Key Laboratory of New Ceramics & Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7580-1502

Feng HaoSchool of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, ChinaCorrespondence[email protected]

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6895-5570

Jianbao LiState Key Laboratory of New Ceramics & Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China;State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Materials and Chemical Engineering Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, China

Yangying ZhouState Key Laboratory of New Ceramics & Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

Yaxuan WeiState Key Laboratory of New Ceramics & Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

Hong LinState Key Laboratory of New Ceramics & Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, ChinaCorrespondence[email protected]

Figures & data

Figure 1. Environmental sources of childhood lead exposure [Citation20].

Note: Soil, water, air, food, paint, toys, and pets are reported as the most important potential lead exposure sources for children.

Figure 2. Elements forming halide double perovskites (elpasolites) with composition A₂BB³⁺X₆ [Citation55].

Figure 2. Elements forming halide double perovskites (elpasolites) with composition A2BB3+X6 [Citation55].

Table 1. Summary of device performance of low-lead perovskite solar cells.

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Figure 3. Crystal structure of SnI₂·3DMSO, an intermediate compound in the MASnI₃ film fabrication process. (a) The dimeric structure of the SnI(DMSO)₃ ⁺ ions linked through the lone I⁻ ions. (b) The unit cell of SnI₂·3DMSO in parallel view. (c) A schematic of the film formation of the MASnI₃ perovskite film starting from SnI₂ through the SnI₂·3DMSO intermediate [Citation80].

Figure 3. Crystal structure of SnI2·3DMSO, an intermediate compound in the MASnI3 film fabrication process. (a) The dimeric structure of the SnI(DMSO)3 + ions linked through the lone I− ions. (b) The unit cell of SnI2·3DMSO in parallel view. (c) A schematic of the film formation of the MASnI3 perovskite film starting from SnI2 through the SnI2·3DMSO intermediate [Citation80].

Figure 4. Coordination environment of (a) (HA)SnI₄ and (b)(BZA)₂SnI₄; the Pb analogues of HA²⁺ and BZA⁺ have the exact same environments. (c) Top-down view of (HA)SnI₄, ‘eclipsed’ conformation; (d) ‘staggered’ conformation of (BZA)₂SnI₄ [Citation58].

Perovskite solar cells: must lead be replaced – and can it be done?

Table 1. Summary of device performance of low-lead perovskite solar cells.

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Perovskite solar cells: must lead be replaced – and can it be done?

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Table 1. Summary of device performance of low-lead perovskite solar cells.

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