Smallholder farmers’ engagement with climate smart agriculture in Africa: role of local knowledge and upscaling

Figures & data

Figure 1. Identification and selection process for systematic review.

Table 1. Regions represented in the identified 30 studies.

Region	Records
East Africa	7
Southern Africa	3
West Africa	2
Articles classified broadly under (Africa)*	18

* We aggregated studies that focused on more than one country and region broadly under Africa. (North and Central Africa regions were individually not represented in the studies reviewed).

Figure 2. Categorization of articles by discipline.

Figure 3. Themes emerging from the review.

Table 2. Comparison of traditional farming strategies versus CSA strategies.

Farming practice	Description of practice	Traditional practice	CSA practice	Example of countries where practices are commonly used
Agroforestry	Integration of trees or shrubs with crops or livestock.	Maintaining useful trees on farm plots when preparing a field for cropping (for example, preserving parkland, mango and pawpaw trees).	Planting of trees and shrubs to agricultural landscape (e.g. Improved fallow, Taunga ally cropping, multilayer trees).	Kenya, Nigeria, Zimbabwe, Ghana
Crop rotation	Farming practices where several crops are chronologically planted on the same farmland.	Traditional crop rotation farming (maize and sorghum or maize and soybean).	Crop rotation of maize and soybean.	Nigeria, South Africa, Kenya, Ghana, Malawi
Intercropping	More than two crops are planted on farmlands at the same time.	Planting of pulse crops and grains, such as maize and legumes, maize and beans, maize and sweet potatoes or cowpea.	Intercropping maize with early or late-maturing soybean varieties.	South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Ghana
Irrigation	Controlled application of water to farmland at intervals only when needed.	Localized can sprinklers and surface irrigation.	Climate smart irrigation management, such as drip irrigation tools and sprinklers.	Kenya, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Ghana, South Africa