Economic and GHG impacts of a US state-level carbon tax: the case of Hawai‘i

Figures & data

Figure 1. Total Expenditures by Visitors and Residents by Sector. Note: Visitor spending on gasoline is included in the petroleum category and is not visible in the figure as it is less than 1% of spending on petroleum products.

Table 1. Percentage of Household Expenditures by Sector by Income Group.

Sector	Lowest	Second	Middle	Fourth	Highest
	Fifth	Fifth	Fifth	Fifth	Fifth
Petroleum	4.3%	4.5%	4.5%	4.2%	3.1%
Electricity	4.6	4.0	3.3	2.7	1.9
Gas	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2
Water Transportation	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.7	0.6
Air Transportation	0.6	0.8	0.8	1.0	1.4
Ground Trans. Services	0.8	0.8	0.7	0.6	0.7
Agriculture & Forestry	0.9	0.8	0.7	0.7	0.5
Wholesale/Retail Trade	11.0	14.0	13.0	13.0	13.0
Real Estate & Rentals	25.0	22.0	21.0	20.0	18.0
Other Manufacturing	1.9	2.5	2.1	1.9	1.6
Other Services	29.0	31.0	34.0	36.0	39.0
Federal Government	3.8	2.5	2.0	1.5	0.8
State & Local Government	4.2	2.8	2.2	1.6	0.9
Imports	13.0	14.0	16.0	16.0	18.0
Sum	100%	100%	100%	100%	100%

Note: Some columns do not add to 100% due to rounding. Sectors not shown have no direct household expenditures.

Figure 2. GHG Intensity of Economic Sectors with GHG Emissions at least 0.01 MMtCO2e/$Billion.¹⁶

Table 2. US Federal Social Cost of Carbon, 2025–2045 ($2020/MtCO2e).

Year	2025	2030	2035	2040	2045
Social Cost of Carbon	$56	$62	$67	$73	$79

Figure 3. Baseline GHG Emissions by Sector (MMtCO2e).

Figure 4. Change in GHG Emissions from the Baseline by Sector (SCC with Government Spending), MMtCO2e. *Includes ground transportation services and personal vehicle travel.

Figure 5. Economic Impacts of the Carbon Tax (SCC with government spending), Percent Change from Baseline.

Table 3. Share of Total Tax Revenue Paid by Visitors.

Year	2025	2030	2035	2040	2045
Visitor Share (%)	27%	28%	29%	31%	36%

Figure 6. Source-Side, Use-Side and Net Welfare Change from Baseline by Income Quintile (SCC with Equal-Share Dividends).

Figure 7. Source-Side, Use-Side and Net Welfare Change from Baseline by Income Quintile (SCC with Government Spending).