Leading frontline enforcers: how supervisors’ leadership style impacts inspectors’ enforcement style

Figures & data

Table 1. Means, standard deviations and correlations

		M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
1	Facilitation	7.80	1.26	1
2	Accommodation	6.08	1.65	0.29***(0.000)	1
3	Legal	7.81	1.12	0.46*** (0.000)	0.18*** (0.000)	1
4	Developmental culture	5.46	2.32	0.07 (0.131)	0.19*** (0.000)	0.13** (0.003)	1
5	Hierarchical culture	5.97	2.24	0.06 (0.166)	0.16*** (0.000)	0.03 (0.479)	0.11** (0.011)	1
6	Transactional leadership	5.38	2.08	0.09* (0.052)	0.38*** (0.000)	0.10** (0.025)	0.31*** (0.000)	0.13** (0.004)	1
7	Servant leadership	6.08	2.21	0.07 (0.107)	0.36*** (0.000)	0.11** (0.017)	0.36*** (0.000)	0.16*** (0.000)	0.84*** (0.000)	1
8	Job engagement	7.23	2.00	0.16*** (0.000)	0.14** (0.002)	0.31*** (0.000)	0.39*** (0.000)	0.19*** (0.000)	0.22*** (0.000)	0.23*** (0.000)	1
9	Age	51.1	10.7	0.01 (0.825)	0.01 (0.765)	0.01 (0.875)	−0.07 (0.117)	−0.10** (0.021)	0.02 (0.737)	0.02 (0.696)	−0.04 (0.854)	1
10	Gender (1 = male)	0.71	0.46	0.02 (0.716)	0.11** (0.010)	0.00 (0.772)	0.04 (0.955)	0.15*** (0.000)	0.04 (0.325)	0.00 (0.976)	0.04 (0.358)	0.38*** (0.000)	1

Note: P-values between brackets

Figure 1. SEM results visualization.

Table 2. SEM results of direct and indirect effects on enforcement style

	z	St.SE	St.B	p-value
Direct effects
Of hierarchical culture on
Legal enforcement dimension	2.416	0.043	0.182	0.016**
Facilitation enforcement dimension	3.836	0.050	0.284	0.000***
Accommodation enforcement dimension	2.090	0.037	0.118	0.037**
Transactional leadership	−0.886	0.048	−0.045	0.376
Servant leadership	−0.398	0.055	−0.018	0.690
Of developmental culture on
Legal enforcement dimension	2.015	0.028	0.119	0.044**
Facilitation enforcement dimension	1.827	0.032	0.104	0.068*
Accommodation enforcement dimension	1.721	0.032	0.101	0.085*
Transactional leadership	6.585	0.040	0.333	0.000***
Servant leadership	7.214	0.050	0.357	0.000***
Of transactional leadership on
Legal enforcement dimension	0.772	0.123	0.159	0.440
Facilitation enforcement dimension	1.316	0.109	−0.118	0.188
Accommodation enforcement dimension	3.103	0.108	0.490	0.002**
Of servant leadership on
Legal enforcement dimension	−0.544	0.092	−0.107	0.587
Facilitation enforcement dimension	−0.810	0.082	−0.118	0.418
Accommodation enforcement dimension	−0.080	0.086	−0.012	0.936
Indirect effect
Of developmental on accommodation via transactional	2.802	0.031	0.163	0.005**
Total effect
Of developmental on accommodation via transactional	3.159	0.052	0.281	0.002**

Table 3. Overview hypotheses

Hypothesis	Confirmed	Rejected
1.a. when inspectors perceive the leadership style of their supervisor as more transactional leadership, they will show a more legal enforcement style		X
1.b. When inspectors perceive the leadership style of their supervisor as more transactional leadership, they will show a less facilitating enforcement style		X
1.c. When inspectors perceive the leadership style of their supervisor as more transactional leadership this will not show any relation with the accommodation dimension of the enforcement style of the inspector		X opposite found
2.a. When inspectors perceive the leadership style of their supervisor as more servant leadership, they will show a less legal enforcement style		X
2.b. When inspectors perceive the leadership style of their supervisor as more servant leadership, they will show a more facilitating enforcement style		X
2.c. When inspectors perceive the leadership style of their supervisor as more servant leadership, they will show a more accommodative enforcement style		X
3.a. When inspectors perceive the organizational culture of their organization as more hierarchical, they will show a more legal enforcement style	X
3.b. When inspectors perceive the organizational culture of their organization as more hierarchical, they will show a less facilitating enforcement style		X opposite found
3.c. When inspectors perceive the organizational culture of their organization as more hierarchical, they will show a less accommodative enforcement style	X
4.a. When inspectors perceive the organizational culture to be more developmental, they will show a less legal enforcement style		X
4.b. When inspectors perceive the organizational culture of their organization to be more developmental, they will show a more facilitating enforcement style		X
4.c. When inspectors perceive the organizational culture of their organization to be more developmental, they will show a more accommodative enforcement style	X
5a. When inspectors perceive a more hierarchical culture of their organization, they will also perceive a more transactional leadership style		X
5.b. When inspectors perceive a more developmental culture of their organization, they will also perceive a more servant leadership style	X

Table

	z	St.SE	St.B	p-value
Indirect effects
Of hierarchical on legal via transactional	−0.562	0.007	−.007	0.574
Of developmental on legal via servant	−0.542	0.033	−0.038	0.588
Of developmental on legal via transactional	0.766	0.032	0.053	0.444
Of hierarchical on legal via servant	0.318	0.003	0.003	0.750
Of hierarchical on facilitation via transactional	−0.755	0.008	−0.009	0.450
Of developmental on facilitation via servant	−0.808	0.029	−0.042	0.419
Of developmental on facilitation via transactional	1.293	0.029	0.067	0.196
Of hierarchical on facilitation via servant	0.351	0.004	0.002	0.726
Of hierarchical on accommodation via transactional	−0.853	0.017	−0.022	0.394
Of developmental on accommodation via servant	−0.080	0.031	−0.005	0.936
Of developmental on accommodation via transactional	2.802	0.031	0.163	0.005**
Of hierarchical on accommodation via servant	0.078	0.002	0.000	0.938

Table

	z	St.SE	St.B	p-value
Total effects (direct + indirect)
Of hierarchical on legal via transactional	2.283	0.043	0.175	0.022**
Of developmental on legal via servant	0.921	0.041	0.081	0.357
Of developmental on legal via transactional	2.426	0.053	0.235	0.015**
Of hierarchical on legal via servant	2.022	0.028	0.121	0.043**
Of hierarchical on facilitation via transactional	3.683	0.051	0.275	0.000***
Of developmental on facilitation via servant	0.809	0.043	0.062	0.418
Of developmental on facilitation via transactional	3.588	0.064	0.351	0.000***
Of hierarchical on facilitation via servant	1.861	0.032	0.106	0.063*
Of hierarchical on accommodation via transactional	1.443	0.044	0.097	0.149
Of developmental on accommodation via servant	1.224	0.042	0.096	0.221
Of developmental on accommodation via transactional	3.159	0.052	0.281	0.002**
Of hierarchical on accommodation via servant	1.717	0.032	0.101	0.086*