Pain in cervical dystonia: mechanisms, assessment and treatment

Figures & data

Table 1. Rating scales for pain in CD

Scale	Notes	Reference
Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Scale (TWSTRS), pain subscale	Range 0 to 20	[35]
TWSTRS-2, pain subscale	Range 0 to 40 Best pain, worst pain and usual pain are each rated separately	[36]
CDIP-58 questionnaire, pain and discomfort subscale	5 items rated from 1 to 5 Aching shoulders Shoulder pain Tired neck and shoulders Tightness in neck Tightness in shoulders	[37,38]
CDQ-24 pain items	Patients rate pain/burning sensations in the face, head, or neck region Frequency Frequency pain prevents sleep Hindrance	[39]
Pain Numeric Rating Scale (PNRS)	Single-item question on the current level of pain (range 0–10)	[41]

Figure 1. Meta-analysis of patient level data for patients treated with abobotulinumtoxinA in (a) 4 randomized controlled studies and (b) their open-label extensions

Differences between AboBoNT-A and placebo were assessed using an ANCOVA with treatment as fixed effect, baseline values as covariates, and subject as random effect

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