Figures & data
Table 1. Study characteristics of the 14 RCTs included in our review.
Figure 2. Risk of bias (RoB 2): review authors’ judgments about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across included RCTs.
![Figure 2. Risk of bias (RoB 2): review authors’ judgments about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across included RCTs.](/cms/asset/7a84d842-06ee-4e5b-8b6b-5bebb26603eb/iern_a_2341004_f0002_oc.jpg)
Figure 4. Pharmacological Interventions versus placebo: sleep efficiency, using standardized mean difference.
![Figure 4. Pharmacological Interventions versus placebo: sleep efficiency, using standardized mean difference.](/cms/asset/f65ab9e0-0968-419e-bf31-b7181998d1c8/iern_a_2341004_f0004_b.gif)
Figure 5. Pharmacological Interventions versus placebo: wakefulness after sleep onset (WASO), using weighted mean difference.
![Figure 5. Pharmacological Interventions versus placebo: wakefulness after sleep onset (WASO), using weighted mean difference.](/cms/asset/00880ea5-7b50-4da2-ae6a-277fa9ac806c/iern_a_2341004_f0005_b.gif)
Figure 6. Melatonin, Orexin antagonist, and hypnotics versus placebo: nocturnal total sleep time (minutes), using weighted mean difference (WMD).
![Figure 6. Melatonin, Orexin antagonist, and hypnotics versus placebo: nocturnal total sleep time (minutes), using weighted mean difference (WMD).](/cms/asset/cdb977b2-427b-4a25-8382-1399f13a375a/iern_a_2341004_f0006_b.gif)