The management of sleep disturbances in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): an update of the literature

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flow diagram of the selection process of the articles included in the review.

*See Appendix 2 for a comprehensive list of reasons for exclusion.

Table 1. Key characteristics of RCTs of pharmacological interventions for sleep disorders/disturbance in individuals with ADHD (listed in alphabetical order by study first author).

First author, year	Age	Sleep disorder/disturbance	Active intervention/duration	Control	Sample size	Outcomes (sleep-related)	Key findings
Ashkenasi, 2011 [28]	Mean age (SD) Sequence 1: 9.8 (1.8) y Sequence 2: 9.6 (1.8) y Sequence 3: 7.5 (2.4) y Sequence 4: 10.3 (1.8) y	Difficulty sleeping (as reported by the caregiver)	Transdermal methylphenidate patch to one of four groups with different sequences of patch application times for 4 weeks in each group	Same treatment at different sequences	Total sample: 26 Sequence 1: 6 Sequence 2: 9 Sequence 3: 4 Sequence 4: 7	Primary outcomes: Sleep latency (mean change in parent-reported sleep diary, Monday through Sunday of every week). Secondary outcomes: Total sleep time, sleep quality (mean change in parent-reported sleep diary Monday through Sunday of every week)	Primary outcome: No significant effects of patch wear time (F(1, 233) = 0.34, p = 0.558) Secondary outcomes: No significant effect on total sleep time (F(1, 323) = 0.77, p = 0.382) Marginally significant trend toward better sleep quality at longer patch wear times (F(1,341) = 3.60, p = 0.059)
Blumer, 2009 [30]	6–17 y	Insomnia	Zolpidem (0.25 mg/kg/day, to a maximum of 10 mg/ day), 6 weeks	Placebo	201 (zolpidem: 136; placebo: 65)	Primary outcome: Latency to persistent sleep (LPS) (PSG) Secondary outcomes: Clinical global impression (CGI)-I and CGI-S child scores CGI-I and CGI-S parent/guardian scores PSG variables (WASO, NAASO, TST) Safety assessment: next-day residual effects by using the Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale. Rebound effects (actigraphically measured LPS and TS)	Primary outcome: No significant difference between treatment groups in LPS at week 4 (LS mean reduction from baseline: −20.28 minutes with zolpidem and −21.27 minutes with placebo) Secondary outcomes: No significant difference in Sleep efficiency, WASO and NAASO on baseline-adjusted mean changes at week 4 Greater improvement in the zolpidem group at week 4, on CGI-I and CGI-S child score (LS mean difference: 0.4 [95% CI: 0.05–0.85] and −0.64, [95% CI: −1.095 to −0.187]) CGI-S parent/guardian scores (LS mean difference: −0.55 [95% CI: −1.010 to −0.088]) but not CGI-I improved with zolpidem No rebound phenomena after treatment discontinuation 7.4% of patients discontinued zolpidem treatment due to adverse events
England, 2011 [22]	7–12 y	PLMS/RLS (in subsample)	Carbidopa/L-DOPA (250–600 mg) for 8–13 weeks	Placebo	29 with ADHD- 16 with ADHD +RLS/PLMS	PSG parameters Periodic Limb Movements in Sleep (PLMS) (using EMG) PLMS index (mean change of # PLMS/h of sleep) RLS symptoms (diagnostic criteria IRLSSG and rating scale)	L-DOPA improved RLS/PLMS symptoms severity compared with placebo (p = .007) L-Dopa had no significant effects on any other sleep parameters In a subsample analysis (Ferri et al. 2013), L-DOPA significantly reduced only sleep latency (Wilcoxon test: p < 0.01). No significant effect on any other sleep parameter
Fargason, 2011 [27]	19–65 y	Insomnia subtypes: Primary Insomnia; Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder, Delayed sleep phase type	Ramelteon, 8 mg/day, for 2 weeks	Placebo	Total, n = 36	Wrist actigraphic measures: Total sleep time, sleep start and end times, sleep onset latency, sleep fragmentation, and sleep efficiency Subjective measures: daytime sleepiness (mean change of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (EES) Sleep quality (mean change of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and a Sleep-wake Diary)	Wrist actigraphic measures: Significant main effect of ramelteon (F1,15 = 4.7, p = 0.046). Mid-sleep time occurred 46 min earlier vs placebo Ramelteon induced a 7-min phase advance on average (mean ± SD: 7.0 ± 32.3 min). Placebo induced a 39-min phase delay on average (mean± SD: 39.2 ± 44.6 min). Ramelteon marginally, but significantly increased the sleep fragmentation score (ANCOVA, F1,20 6.9, p = 0.016) Subjective measurements Unexpected significantly higher ESS scores during ramelteon treatment vs placebo (p _> 0.017) Results on PSQI and sleep diary not reported
Sangal, 2014 [29]	Total sample Age range: 6–17 y High dose Mean age (SD): 11.3 (3.0) y Low dose Mean age (SD): 11.4 (3.0) y Placebo Mean age (SD): 11.6 (3.0) y	Insomnia	Eszopiclone high dose: 2 mg for children aged 6–11 y, 3 mg for adolescents aged 12–17 y low dose: 1 mg for children aged 6–11 y, 2 mg for adolescents aged 12–17 y for 12 weeks (+12-month open label safety study)	Placebo	High dose: n = 160 Low dose: n = 163	Primary outcome: Objective sleep parameter (reduction in latency to persistent sleep, PSG) Secondary outcomes: other PSG and actigraphy outcomes subjective sleep parameters (patient/parent reports, Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale) change in daytime functioning and behavior (CGI-improvement score for insomnia) − Safety evaluations	No significant difference between eszopiclone (high- or low-dose) and placebo on primary outcome; secondary outcomes considered not significant Treatment-emergent AEs reported by 61.0%, 59.5%, and 46.0% of patients receiving high-dose eszopiclone, low-dose eszopiclone, and placebo, respectively
Van Andel, 2022 [26] (PhASE study)	Mean age (SD): 29.53 (8.66) y	Delayed sleep phase syndrome	Melatonin (MEL) 0.5 mg/day Melatonin 0.5 mg/day plus bright light therapy (MEL+ BLT) for 3 weeks	Placebo	Toral; n = 51 MEL: 17 MEL+BLT: 15	Primary outcome: Dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) Secondary outcome: Sleep Diagnosis List (SDL), Dutch version of the Sleep Disorders Questionnaire (SDQ)	Fist endpoint (directly after treatment): MEL advanced DLMO by 1 h 28 min (p = .001), and MEL plus BLT by 1h58 (p < .001). Placebo did not affect DLMO Two weeks after end of treatment, DLMO returned to baseline levels
Van der Heijden, 2007 [20]	Total sample Age range: 6–12 y Melatonin group Mean age (SD): 9.1(2.3) y Placebo group Mean age (SD): 9.3(1.8) y	Chronic sleep-onset insomnia	Melatonin (3 or 6 mg/day) for 4 weeks	Placebo	Total, n = 105	Primary outcomes: actigraphy-derived sleep onset, total time asleep, and salivary dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) Secondary outcomes: Other objective and subjective measures of sleep (actigraphy data; sleep-log data) Adverse effects recording	Sleep onset advanced by 26.9 (SD: 47.8) minutes with melatonin; delayed by 10.5 (SD: 37.4) min with placebo (p < .0001). Advance in dim light melatonin onset of 44.4 (SD: 67.9) min with melatonin and delay of 12.8 (SD: 60.0) min with placebo (p < .0001). Total time asleep increased with melatonin (19.8, SD 61.9 min) vs placebo (−13.6, SD 50.6 minutes; p = .01). No adverse events
Weiss, 2006 [21]	Mean age: 10.29 (range 6.5 to 14.7) y	Initial insomnia	Melatonin	Placebo	Total, n = 19	Primary outcome: Mean sleep-onset latency, SOL (recorded on somnolog) Secondary outcomes: night-to-night variability in SOL and total sleep duration on somnolog; actigraphy: mean SOL, night-to-night variability in SOL, total sleep duration Clinical Global Impression- Improvement (CGI-I) (including sleep) Safety evaluation	Primary outcome SOL on placebo : 62.1 min (SD = 26.6) versus 46.4 min for melatonin (p < 0.05) (effect size: 0.6, 95% CI not reported) Secondary: Melatonin superior to placebo on actigraphic measurement of SOL (p < 0.01) More time asleep (15.0 minutes) during melatonin treatment (p < 0.01) on somnolog. No significant differences in other measures No serious adverse events; no clinically significant changes in vital signs or abnormalities on physical examination

NAASO: number of awakenings after sleep onset; PSG: polysomnography; SD: standard deviation; TST: total sleep time; WASO; wakefulness after sleep onset.

Table 2. Key characteristics of RCTs of non-pharmacological interventions for sleep disorders/disturbance in individuals with ADHD (listed in alphabetical order by study first author).

First author, year	Age	Sleep disorder/disturbance	Active intervention/duration	Control	Sample size	Outcomes (sleep-related)	Key findings
Corkum, 2016 [35]	Mean age in months (SD) Intervention arm: 108.0 (23.65) Waitlist arm: 110.60 (23.72)	Insomnia	Behavioral sleep distance intervention, delivered via written manual with telephone support by a paraprofessional coach (Better nights/better days). Five-session manual and weekly telephone coach support for 2 months (follow-up at 6 months)	Wait list	Total n = 61 (n = 31: active intervention; n = 31 wait list)	Primary outcomes: Score on the Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire, (CSHQ) Secondary outcomes Sleep diary Actigraphy variables	Primary outcome: Active intervention significantly better than WL on all the CSHQ subscales (sleep onset, p = 0.01; bedtime resistance, p = 0.01; sleep duration, p = 0.04; total sleep disturbance, p < 0.01) Secondary outcomes: improved sleep onset (p = 0.017, but not sleep duration (p = 0.30), on actigraphy Results on sleep diary measures not provided
Hiscock, 2015 [31]	Mean age (SD) 10.3 (1.8) y active group 9.9 (2.1) y control	Parent reported moderate to severe sleep problems; American Academy of Sleep Medicine diagnostic criteria for at least one sleep disorder or anxiety leading to insomnia	Behavioral sleep intervention (Sleep hygiene practices and standardized behavioral strategies); two fortnightly consultations	Usual clinical care	Total: n = 244 (n = 122: active intervention; n = 122 usual care)	(Primary outcome: (ADHD symptoms) Secondary outcomes: Primary caregiver report of child sleep problems over past four weeks (none, mild, moderate, or severe) Children’s sleep habits questionnaire Actigraphy	Children in the active treatment group: fewer moderate-severe sleep problems at three months (56% v 30%; aOR; 0.30, 95% CI 0.16–0.59; p < 0.001) and six months (46% v 34%; 0.58, 0.32–1.0; p = 0.07). At 3 months: reduction in absolute risk of 25.7%, with an estimated NNT = 3.9. At 6 months: NNT = 7.8. At 3 and 6 months: intervention Children: greater reduction in sleep difficulties on the children’s sleep habits questionnaire (ES: −0.8 and − 0.6, respectively) Actigraphy collected in a sample (n = 54). At 3 and 6 months sleep duration per night: increased in the intervention group (mean difference: 10.9 minutes, 95% CI: −19.0 to 40.8, ES 0.2 and 9.9 minutes, −16.3 to 36.1, effect size 0.3, respectively
Hiscock, 2019 [32]	Mean age (SD) 9.6 (1.7) y active 9.4 (1.8) y control	Parent report of a moderate/severe sleep problem meeting criteria for American Academy of Sleep Medicine criteria for chronic insomnia disorder, delayed sleep – wake phase disorder, or were experiencing sleep-related anxiety	Behavioral sleep intervention (Sleep hygiene practices and standardized behavioral strategies) Tow face-to-face, 2 weeks	Usual clinical care	Total n = 361 n = 183 active intervention n = 178 usual care	Primary outcome: sleep problem at 3 and 6 months (good agreement with Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire) Secondary outcomes: at 3 and 6 months: Sleep difficulties (Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire)	Primary: Proportion of children with moderate to severe sleep problems: lower in the intervention (28.0%, 35.8%) compared with usual care group (55.4%, 60.1%; 3-month: risk ratio (RR): 0.51, 95% CI 0.37, 0.70, p < .001; 6-month: RR: 0.58; 95% CI 0.45, 0.76, p < .001). Secondary: Intervention children had improvements across multiple Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire subscales at 3 and 6 months.
Lönn, 2023 [39]	Mean age (SD) 9.5 (2.4) y active 9.4 (2.1) y control	Parent reported sleep problems verified by three selected questions from the CSHQ: sleep initiation (>20 min, 3–7 days per week), sleep maintenance (waking up several times per night, 3–7 days per week), and sleep duration (sleep too little, 3–7 days per week).	Weighted blankets (WBs) 4 + 4 weeks	Lighter control blankets (CBs)	Total; n = 94 Active: n = 46 Control: n = 48	Primary outcomes: Actigraph measures Sleep-onset latency (SOL); wake after sleep onset (WASO); total sleep time (TST); sleep efficiency (SE) Secondary outcomes: subjectively measured sleep CSHQ -parent-reported Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) child-reported	Weighted blankets: significant effect on total sleep time (mean diff. 7.72 min, p = 0.027, Cohen’s d = 0.24), sleep efficiency (mean diff. 0.82%, p = 0.038, Cohen’s d = 0.23) and wake after sleep onset (mean diff. −2.79 min, p = 0.015, Cohen’s d = −0.27), but not on sleep-onset latency (p = 0.432)
Mehri, 2020 [36]	7.55 (0.99) intervention 6–9 year 10.87 (0.83) intervention 9–12 year 7.65 (1.11) Control 6–9 year 10.20 (0.44) Control 9–12 year	At least one problem in sleeping, based on parents’ reports using the Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ)	Behavioral parental training (BPT) for 5 weeks	No intervention	Total: n = 56 Active: n = 28 Control: n = 28	Children’s sleep habits questionnaire (CSHQ) immediately after the intervention, and two months after the intervention	Immediately after the intervention, bedtime resistance in the intervention group: statistically significantly lower than the control group (p = 0.03). Two months after intervention problems in sleep duration (p = 0.01) and total sleep score (p = 0.03) in the intervention group was statistically significantly lower than the control group
Papadopoulos, 2019 [34] (subsample of Hiscock, 2015 [31] in children with ADHD and autism)	Total sample Age range: 5 to 13 years old Intervention group Mean age (SD): 9.8 (2.0) years Usual care group Mean age (SD): 10.3 (1.7) years	Sleep onset association disorder, limit setting disorder, delayed sleep phase, insomnia, and/or experiencing significant night time anxiety	Brief Behavioral Sleep intervention, consisting of two face-to-face sleep consultations and a follow-up phone call with a trained clinician, each 2 weeks apart	Usual care	Total: n = 61 Active: n = 28 Control: n = 33	Primary outcomes Child sleep problems (mean change in Child Sleep Habits Questionnaire at 3 and 6 months post randomization) Secondary outcomes: No sleep measures	At 3 months post-randomization: compared with families receiving usual care, families in the intervention group reported a greater decrease in child sleep problems (ES =−0.7, p = 0.02) No significant difference 6 months post-randomization (ES = −0.5, p = 0.08)
Sciberras, 2020 [33] (12-month outcome analyses of Hiscock, 2015)	Age range: 5–12 y	Sleep onset association disorder, limit setting disorder, delayed sleep phase, insomnia, night time anxiety	Two face-to-face sessions intervention (covering sleep hygiene and standardized behavioral strategies)	Usual care	Total: n = 144 Active: n = 122 Control: n = 122	CSHQ Question” Has your child’s sleep been a problem for you over the past 4 weeks?’”	Intervention children had lower total scores on the CSHQ compared to the usual care children (Adjusted mean difference, MD − 1.9; 95% CI − 3.5 to −0.4; p = 0.02; Cohen’s d: −0.2) at 12 months. Intervention children had fewer sleep onset delay (AMD −0.3; 95% CI − 0.5 to − 0.1; p = 0.002; d: −0.4), and night waking difficulties (AMD −0.4; 95% CI −0.8 to − 0.01; p = 0.04; d: −0.2) on the CSHQ
Shah, 2023 [37]	Mean = 10.66 y, range 8 − 12 y	Score on CSHQ > 41	Behavioral Sleep Intervention Module (Three techniques: sleep hygiene, faded bedtime with response cost, and graduated extinction) for 12 weeks (+Methylphenidate (10 − 30 mg))	Treatment as usual (Methylphenidate (10 − 30 mg) for at least three months)	Total: n = 100 Active: n = 50 Control: n = 50	CHSQ: Bedtime Resistance, Sleep Onset Delay, Sleep Duration, Sleep Anxiety, Night Waking, Parasomnias, Sleep-Disordered Breathing, and Daytime Sleepiness	Significant improvement in interventional group in “duration of sleep (p = 0.006), daytime sleepiness (p = 0.012), total score (p = 0.000), parasomnias (p = 0.005), and sleep disordered breathing (p = 0.010).” No significant difference on “night awakenings (p = 0.027)
Shokravi, 2016 [38]	Age range: 7 to 13 years Mean age (SD): 8.62 (1.57) years	Bedtime resistance, Sleep onset latency, sleep duration, Sleep anxiety, sleep waking, parasomnias, Sleep breathing disorder, Daytime sleepiness	Educational program (a sleep hygiene training session, 135 min) + Educational package (booklet about sleep health, visual schedules or to-do-lists and stickers, Incentive awards for the children) + two follow-up telephone calls	Usual care	Total: n = 62 Active: n = 28 Control: n = 28	Child sleep problems (mean change in Child Sleep Habits Questionnaire) two months after intervention	Compared with control children, experimental children had a significant- reduction in mean scores of Bedtime resistance (p < 0.05), Sleep onset delay (p < 0.05), Sleep duration (p < 0.05), Sleep anxiety (p < 0.05), Daytime sleepiness (p < 0.05) and total score of CSHQ (p < 0.05)
Yazdanbakhsh, 2018 [40]	Total sample Age range: 7 to 12 years old Cognitive rehabilitation group Mean age (SD): 9.0 (1.70) y Control group Mean age (SD): 9.0(1.56) y	Sleep problems	Response inhibition cognitive rehabilitation using the Captain’s Log MindPower builder (2014 version) individually for 12 sessions (two 1-hour sessions per week)	No therapy	Total: n = 20 Active: n = 10 Control: n = 10	Improvement in quality of sleep (measured using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality)	Mean score of the experimental group was reduced from 6.20 to 2.40 for sleep disorders. Cognitive rehabilitation of response inhibition was effective in Improving the quality of sleep (P < 0.001)

CSHQ: Children Sleep Habit Questionnaire; NNT: number needed to treat.

Figure 2. Management of sleep disturbance in individuals with ADHD. * reproduced from [41] with permission of the journal of the Canadian Academy of child & adolescent psychiatry published by the Canadian Academy of child and adolescent psychiatry (CACAP).

*Epilepsy should also be considered as possible differential diagnosis or comorbidity that may underpin sleep problems.

Ashkenasi A. Effect of transdermal methylphenidate wear times on sleep in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pediatr Neurol. 2011;45(6):381–386. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2011.09.003

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Blumer JL, Findling RL, Shih WJ, et al. Controlled clinical trial of zolpidem for the treatment of insomnia associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children 6 to 17 years of age. Pediatrics. 2009;123(5):e770–6. doi: 10.1542/peds.2008-2945

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

England SJ, Picchietti DL, Couvadelli BV, et al. L-Dopa improves restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movements in sleep but not attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder in a double-blind trial in children. Sleep Med. 2011;12(5):471–477. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2011.01.008

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Fargason RE, Gamble K, Avis KT, et al. Ramelteon for insomnia related to attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Psychopharmacol Bull. 2011;44(2):32–53.

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Sangal RB, Blumer JL, Lankford DA, et al. Eszopiclone for insomnia associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics. 2014;134(4):e1095–103. doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-4221

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

van Andel E, Bijlenga D, Vogel SWN, et al. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and delayed sleep phase syndrome in adults: a randomized clinical trial on the effects of chronotherapy on sleep. J Biol Rhythms. 2022;37(6):673–689. doi: 10.1177/07487304221124659

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

der Heijden KB V, Smits MG, Van Someren EJ, et al. Effect of melatonin on sleep, behavior, and cognition in ADHD and chronic sleep-onset insomnia. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46(2):233–241. doi: 10.1097/01.chi.0000246055.76167.0d

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Weiss MD, Wasdell MB, Bomben MM, et al. Sleep hygiene and melatonin treatment for children and adolescents with ADHD and initial insomnia. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006;45(5):512–519. doi: 10.1097/01

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Corkum P, Lingley-Pottie P, Davidson F, et al. Better nights/better days-distance intervention for insomnia in school-aged children with/without ADHD: a randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr Psychol. 2016;41(6):701–713. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsw031

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Hiscock H, Sciberras E, Mensah F, et al. Impact of a behavioural sleep intervention on symptoms and sleep in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and parental mental health: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2015;350(jan20 1):h68. doi: 10.1136/bmj.h68

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Hiscock H, Mulraney M, Heussler H, et al. Impact of a behavioral intervention, delivered by pediatricians or psychologists, on sleep problems in children with ADHD: a cluster-randomized, translational trial. J Child Psychol Psychiatr. 2019;60(11):1230–1241. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.13083

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Lönn M, Svedberg P, Nygren J, et al. The efficacy of weighted blankets for sleep in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder—A randomized controlled crossover trial. J Sleep Res. 2023;33(2):e13990. doi: 10.1111/jsr.13990

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Mehri M, Chehrzad MM, Mardani A, et al. The effect of behavioral parent training on sleep problems of school-age children with ADHD: a parallel randomized controlled trial. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2020;34(4):261–267. doi: 10.1016/j.apnu.2020.04.001

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Papadopoulos N, Sciberras E, Hiscock H, et al. The efficacy of a brief behavioral sleep intervention in school-aged children with ADHD and comorbid autism spectrum disorder. J Atten Disord. 2019;23(4):341–350. doi: 10.1177/1087054714568565

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Sciberras E, Mulraney M, Mensah F, et al. Sustained impact of a sleep intervention and moderators of treatment outcome for children with ADHD: a randomised controlled trial. Psychol Med. 2020;50(2):210–219. doi: 10.1017/S0033291718004063

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Shah H, Dani A. A study on effect of sleep training program in children with ADHD: a comparative prospective study. J Indian Assoc Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2023;19(4):370–377. doi: 10.1177/09731342231184438

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Shokravi FA, Shooshtari MH, Shahatami H. The impact of a sleep hygiene intervention on sleep habits in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Int J Pediatr. 2016;4(12):4117–4126.

 Google Scholar

Yazdanbakhsh K, Aivazy S, Moradi A. The effectiveness of response inhibition cognitive rehabilitation in improving the quality of sleep and behavioral symptoms of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci. 2018;22(2). doi: 10.5812/jkums.77114

 Google Scholar

Owens JA. A clinical overview of sleep and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;18(2):92 102.

 PubMedGoogle Scholar