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Articles

Sharing security in an era of international cooperation: unmanned aerial vehicles and the United States’ Air Force

Pages 45-56 | Published online: 12 Jan 2017
 

ABSTRACT

The United States’ Air Force (USAF) has developed and used unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology to monitor and assassinate dangerous terrorists in Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, Pakistan, Somalia, Syria, and Yemen. Currently, there are few countries that possess armed UAV and since the US created much of this technology, the USAF is usually part of the training that automatically accompanies the purchase of its UAVs. The research question this article attempts to answer is, “What is the extent of the United States’ Air Force assistance in the training and proliferation of UAV technology to foreign militaries?”

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

Notes

1. Benjamin Wittes and Gabriella Blum, The Future of Violence (New York: Basic Books, 2015), 121.

2. David Axe, War Bots, U.S. Military Robots Are Transforming War in Iraq, Afghanistan, and the Future (Ann Arbor, MI: Nimble Books LLC, 2008); Rinehart, Christine Sixta. (December 2016). Drones and Targeted Killing in the Middle East and Africa: An Appraisal of American Counterterrorism Policies. (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2016).

3. Avery Plaw, Targeting Terrorists A License to Kill? (Cornwall: Ashgate, 2008).

4. James DeShaw Rae, Analyzing the Drone Debates: Targeted Killing, Remote Warfare, and Military Technology (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014).

5. Joel Greenberg, ‘Israel Affirms Policy of Assassinating Militants’, New York Times, July 5, 2001, http://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/05/world/israel-affirms-policy-of-assassinating-militants.html (accessed January 5, 2016).

6. ‘US Says Opposes Targeted Killings by Israel’, Reuters, October 15, 2001, http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/548707/posts (accessed January 5, 2016).

7. As cited by Chris Woods, Sudden Justice, America’s Secret Drone Wars (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), 54.

8. Defense Security Cooperation Agency, ‘DSCA-Who We Are’, 2015, http://www.dsca.mil/ (accessed January 20, 2015).

9. Andrea Shalal-Esa, ‘AIRSHOW-Drone Maker General Atomics May Face Layoffs – Executive’, Reuters, November 22, 2013, http://www.reuters.com/article/airshow-dubai-generalatomics-idUSL5N0J724620131122 (accessed January 26, 2016).

10. For an explanation of the type of UAV that each country owns, please see Peter L. Bergen and Jennifer Rowland, ‘World of Drones: The Global Proliferation of Drone Technology’, in Drone Wars, ed. Peter L. Bergen and Daniel Rothenberg (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), 300–41.

11. Matt Siegel, ‘Australia Begins Training on Armed U.S. Reaper Drones’, Reuters, February 22, 2015, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-australia-usa-drones-idUSKBN0LR05I20150223 (accessed January 25, 2016).

12. Tamir Eshel, ‘General Atomics Joins CAE to Offer Predator B UAS to Canada’, Defense Update, May 26, 2011, http://defense-update.com/20110526_justas_mq.html (accessed January 22, 2016).

13. Unmanned Vehicles System Association, ‘Game of Drones: The Pentagon Makes an Earth Shattering Announcement’, Unmanned Vehicles System Association, November 2015, http://en.ruvsa.com/news/strategy_policy/The+Pentagon+Makes+an+Earth-Shattering+Announcement/ (accessed January 18, 2016).

14. European Union External Action, ‘EU Naval Force Operation Commander Strengthens Ties with Regional Partners in Fight Against Piracy’, European Union, External Action, October 7, 2014, http://eunavfor.eu/eu-naval-force-operation-commander-strengthens-ties-with-regional-partners-in-fight-against-piracy/ (accessed January 20, 2016).

15. Rich Smith, ‘Japan Begins Building Up a Drone Air Force’, The Motley Fool, December 11, 2015, http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2015/12/11/japan-begins-building-up-a-drone-air-force.aspx (accessed January 18, 2016).

16. Mark Pomerleau, ‘U.S. Approves Italy’s Request to Weaponize Reapers’, UAS & Robotics, November 5, 2015, https://defensesystems.com/articles/2015/11/05/us-approves-sale-weaponize-reapers-italy.aspx (accessed January 27, 2015).

17. Our Bureau, ‘General Atomics to Supply MQ-9 Reaper Drones to France’, Defenseworld.net, January 20, 2016, http://www.defenseworld.net/news/15116/General_Atomics_To_Supply_MQ_9_Reaper_Drones_To_France#.Vp_0NvMo7IU (accessed January 20, 2016).

18. Elsa Rassbach, ‘On the Struggle to Keep Weaponized Drones Out of Europe’, Truth-out.org, May, 2013, http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/16100-on-the-struggle-to-keep-weaponized-drones-out-of-europe?tmpl=component&print=1 (accessed January 20, 2016).

19. Military, ‘US Reportedly Set to Sell “MQ-9 Reaper” “Drones to Germany”’, DW, March 29, 2013, http://www.dw.com/en/us-reportedly-set-to-sell-mq-9-reaper-drones-to-germany/a-16780515 (accessed January 20, 2016).

20. The Editor, ‘State Dept Clears Spain’s 243M Reaper Purchase’, UAS Vision, October 8, 2015, http://www.uasvision.com/2015/10/08/state-dept-clears-spains-243m-reaper-purchase/ (accessed January 25, 2016).

21. Damien Sharkov, ‘Spain Allocates E171 Million for Four Megadrones’, Europe Newsweek, August 6, 2015, http://europe.newsweek.com/spain-allocates-171-million-four-megadrones-331290 (accessed January 21, 2016).

22. Defense-Unmanned.Com, ‘Dutch to Buy Four Reaper UAVs for €250M’, Defense-Unmanned.com, November 21, 2013, http://www.defense-unmanned.com/article/1222/dutch-to-buy-four-reaper-uavs-for-%E2%82%AC250m.html (accessed January 22, 2016).

23. The State Department, ‘The Netherlands-MQ-9 Reapers’, Defense Security Cooperation Agency, February 6, 2015, http://www.dsca.mil/major-arms-sales/netherlands-mq-9-reapers (accessed January 25, 2016).

24. Ukraine News of Lugansk and Donetsk, ‘US Department of Defense Approved $9,049,306 Contract to Supply RQ-11B Raven UAV for Ukraine’, Lugansk News Today, September 16, 2015, http://lugansk-news.com/tag/rq-11b-raven-uav/ (accessed January 27, 2016).

25. Beth Stevenson, ‘Us Government Authorizes Global Hawk Sale to Japan’, Flight Global, November 20, 2015, https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/us-government-authorises-global-hawk-sale-to-japan-419343/ (accessed January 20, 2016).

26. Rich Smith, ‘Japan Begins Building Up a Drone Air Force’, PrintFriendly.com, December 11, 2015, http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2015/12/11/japan-begins-building-up-a-drone-air-force.aspx (accessed January 25, 2016).

27. Gopal Ratnam and David Lerman, ‘South Korea to Buy 1.2 Billion in Drones Under U.S. Plan’, Bloomberg Business, December 24, 2012, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-12-24/south-korea-to-buy-1-2-billion-in-drones-under-u-s-plan (accessed January 25, 2016).

28. Phil Finnegan, ‘UAV Production Will Total $93 Billion’, Teal Group Corporation, August 9, 2015, http://www.tealgroup.com/index.php/teal-group-news-media/item/press-release-uav-production-will-total-93-billion (accessed January 26, 2015).

29. Tatjana Obrazcova, ‘Analysis: Predator Training Demand Continues in New Mexico’, 50SkyShades, October 5, 2015, http://50skyshades.com/news/manufacturer/analysis-predator-training-demand-continues-in-new-mexico (accessed January 22, 2016).

30. Ibid.

31. Ibid.

32. Ibid.

33. In the author’s experience at a Holloman Air Force Base Media Day, experienced USAF pilots were quickly trained and were typically in high-ranking trainer positions after they had been trained on UAV.

34. Pierre Tran, ‘UK, France Discuss Reaper Pilot Training’, Defense News Webinar, June 4, 2015, http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/air-space/strike/2015/06/03/uk-dicusses-joint-reaper-pilot-training-with-france/28408303/ (accessed January 22, 2016).

35. Dana Priest, ‘U.S. Role at a Crossroads in Mexico’s Intelligence War on the Cartels’, The Washington Post, April 27, 2013, https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/us-role-at-a-crossroads-in-mexicos-intelligence-war-on-the-cartels/2013/04/27/b578b3ba-a3b3-11e2-be47-b44febada3a8_story.html (accessed January 18, 2016).

36. John M. Ackerman, ‘How Mexico’s New President Is Turning His Country into a Servile US Client’, The Nation, May 22, 2014, http://www.thenation.com/article/how-mexicos-new-president-turning-his-country-servile-us-client/ (accessed January 22, 2016).

37. Jeremy Scahill, ‘Germany is the Tell-Tale Heart of America’s Drone War’, The Intercept, April 17, 2015, https://theintercept.com/2015/04/17/ramstein/ (accessed January 20, 2015).

38. Abigail Fielding-Smith, ‘Podcast: US Whistleblower Brandon Bryant on Germany’s Role in America’s Drone Wars’, The Bureau of Investigative Journalism, October 15, 2015, https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/2015/10/15/podcast-us-whistleblower-brandon-bryant-on-germanys-role-in-americas-drone-wars/ (accessed October 21, 2015).

39. Sudarsan Raghavan, ‘When U.S. Drones Kill Civilians, Yemen’s Government Tries to Conceal It’, The Washington Post, December 24, 2012, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/when-us-drones-kill-civilians-yemens-government-tries-to-conceal-it/2012/12/24/bd4d7ac2-486d-11e2-8af9-9b50cb4605a7_story.html (accessed January 13, 2016).

40. Security Council Meetings Coverage, ‘Force Commanders Dwell on New Technology, Pre-deployment Training, Inter-Mission Cooperation in Briefing Security Council on Peacekeeping Operations’, United Nations Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, June 26, 2013, http://www.un.org/press/en/2013/sc11047.doc.htm (accessed January 18, 2016).

41. NATO AGS First Flight, Northrop Gunman, 2016, http://www.northropgrumman.com/Capabilities/NATOAGS/Pages/default.aspx (accessed January 28, 2016).

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