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Bulletin of Spanish Studies
Hispanic Studies and Researches on Spain, Portugal and Latin America
Volume 92, 2015 - Issue 2
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ARTICLES

From ‘cuadro de costumbres’ to Nationalist Tool: The Case of El carnero in the Colombian Literary Canon

Pages 235-254 | Published online: 26 Aug 2014
 

Abstract

Juan Rodríguez Freile's historiographical text known as El carnero, although written in 1636, was not published until 1859. The more than 200 year circulation of the text in manuscript form conditioned the way it was discussed after its publication. Rodríguez Freile's text, therefore, provides an interesting example of the double function, or ‘uses’, of literature in the construction of nationalistic projects. On the one hand, El carnero helped to cement a unified concept of community in the collective imaginary; and, on the other, it became an institutionalized tool that legitimized the concept of community and presented it as a well-defined historical narrative of national identity. This essay situates the publication of El carnero within the larger preoccupation of the Colombian intellectual elite who sought to define what constituted an ‘autochthonous literature’, which, in turn, was constructed in order to represent a set of national customs. The publication and inclusion of El carnero into the literary canon coincided with the change in the criticism regarding the text's style: it came to be considered an indication of the formation of a national character that could be traced all the way to the development of an autochthonous literature rooted in the colonial period.

Notes

1 The text's complexity has been attributed to the seventeenth-century historiographical concept of ‘designio de verdad’ in Pedro Lastra, ‘Sobre Juan Rodríguez Freyle’, The University of Dayton Review, 16:2 (1983), 35–43, or to the ‘descontextualización’ of the historical-legal cases, which have been traditionally separated from the corpus of the text in Flor María Rodríguez-Arenas, ‘Descontextualización de pasajes narrativos en las crónicas de indias: casos de El carnero’, Thesaurus, 57:2 (1992), 354–67. Additionally, the complexity has also been frequently explained in terms of the marked rhetorical difference between the historical-legal cases and the moral admonitions: see Susan Herman, ‘Conquest and Discovery: Subversion of the Fall in El carnero’, MLN, 108:2 (1993), 283–301; Ivette Hernández-Torres, ‘El desorden de un reino: historia y poder en El carnero’, in Conquista y contraconquista: la escritura del nuevo mundo, ed. Julio Ortega & José Amor y Vázquez (México D.F.: El Colegio de México/Brown Univ., 1994), 219–29; Jean Dangler, ‘Memory and the Book in Rodríguez Freyle's El carnero’, Revista de Estudios Colombianos, 20 (1999), 14–23; and Silvia Zerillo, ‘La narración del caos colonial: el caso de El carnero’, in El discurso colonial: construcción de una diferencia americana, ed. Catherine Poupeney Hart & Albino Chacón Gutiérrez (Heredia [Costa Rica]: Editorial Univ. Nacional, 2002), 37–69.

2 Oscar Gerardo Ramos coined the term ‘historielas’ referring to the ‘tendencia de índole cuentística’ of Rodríguez Freile's text, in his article ‘El carnero. Libro de tendencia cuentística’, Boletín Cultural y Bibliográfico, 9:11 (1966), 2178–85. He defined ‘historielas’ as ‘hechos presumibles de historicidad, tal vez tejidos con leyenda y matizados por el genio imaginativo del autor’ (2179).

3 Susan Herman, ‘Towards Solving the Mystery of the Placement of the Name CARNERO on Juan Rodríguez Freile's History’, Revista de Estudios Hispánicos, 23:3 (1989), 36–52 (p. 48).

4 Darío Achury-Valenzuela, ‘Introducción’, in Juan Rodríguez Freile, El carnero. Conquista y descubrimiento del Nuevo Reino de Granada, intro. & notas Darío Achury-Valenzuela (Caracas: Ayacucho, 1979 [1st ed. 1859]), 9–85.

5 Hernán Lozano, ‘Carneros. El incierto texto de Conquista y descubrimiento de Juan Rodríguez Freile’, in Juan Rodríguez Freile, Conquista y descubrimiento del Nuevo Reino de Granada. Edición facsímil de la edición de Felipe Pérez, ed. Hernán Lozano (Bogotá: Industria Cultural, 1989), 5–39.

6 Mario Germán Romero, ‘Introducción’, in Juan Rodríguez Freile, El carnero según el manuscrito de Yerbabuena, ed. & intro. Mario Germán Romero (Bogotá: Instituto Caro y Cuervo, 1984), 23–75 (p. 25).

7 Felipe Pérez, ‘Prólogo a El carnero’, El Mosaico, 30:1 (1859), 242–43.

8 José M. Vergara y Vergara, Historia de la literatura en la Nueva Granada (Bogotá: s. n., 1897 [1st ed. 1867]), 66.

9 Isidoro Laverde, Ojeada histórico-crítica de la literatura colombiana (Bogotá: Banco de la República, 1963), <http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/literatura/lagreen/lagreen0.htm>. (accessed 5 June 2013).

10 Felipe Pérez, ‘Prólogo a El carnero’, Biblioteca de Señoritas, 62:2 (1859), 69–70, as well as ‘El carnero de Bogotá’, El Tiempo, 239:5 (1859), n. p. Andrés Gordillo mentions that Felipe Pérez's edition of El carnero was printed on the printing press owned by the journal El Mosaico; see ‘El mosaico (1858–1872): nacionalismo, élites y cultura en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX’, in Pensar el siglo XIX. Cultura, política y modernidad en Colombia, ed. Santiago Castro-Gómez (Pittsburgh: Biblioteca de America, 2004), 201–50. Additionally, El Mosaico would merge months later with the competing journal Biblioteca de Señoritas, and just a year later Pérez himself would become its director (210–19).

11 Isidoro Laverde, ‘Obituario a Felipe Pérez’, Revista Literaria, 11:1 (1891), 306.

12 Mario Germán Romero, ‘Dos episodios incompletos de El carnero’, Boletín de Historia y Antiguedades, 50:588–90 (1963), 567–79 (pp. 568–69)

13 For further discussion of the double function of literature for nationalist projects, see Timothy Brennan, ‘The National Longing for Form’, in Nation and Narration, ed. Homi K. Bhabha (New York: Routledge, 1990), 44–70, and Doris Sommer, ‘Irresistible Romance: The Foundational Fictions of Latin America’, in Nation and Narration, ed. Bhabha, 71–98.

14 Vergara y Vergara, Historia de la literatura en la Nueva Granada, 64, 33.

15 Pérez, ‘Prólogo a El carnero’, 242.

16 Vergara y Vergara, Historia de la literatura en la Nueva Granada, 84.

17 Gordillo, ‘El mosaico’, 202.

18 Although there is no direct reference to the concept of mestizaje, the present argument follows Martin Lienhard's posture: ‘The paradigm of “mestizaje” is no more, in reality, that an ideological discourse whose purpose is to justify the hegemony of “national” creole groups who assumed power when the colonial system fell apart. […] The ideologeme of cultural “mestizaje” served, above all, to postulate the equality—whilst hiding the inequality—of the groups composing the national societies’ (‘Of Mestizajes, Heterogeneities, Hybridisms and Other Chimeras: On the Macroprocesses of Cultural Interaction in Latin America’, Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies, 6:2 [1997], 183–200 [p. 189]).

19 Laverde, Ojeada histórico-crítica, n.p.

20 Pérez, ‘Prólogo a El carnero’, 243.

21 ‘20 de Julio’, El Duende, 5:1 (1846), 8. It is important to note that the word ‘carneros’ is underlined in the original text, which would emphasize the notion of a direct reference to Rodríguez Freile's text.

22 Joaquín Acosta, Compendio histórico del descubrimiento y colonización de la Nueva Granada en el siglo décimo sexto (Paris: Imprenta de Beau, 1848), 382.

23 José Manuel Groot, Historia eclesiástica y civil de la Nueva Granada (Bogotá: Foción Mantilla, 1869), 106.

24 Groot, Historia eclesiástica y civil, 116.

25 Groot, Historia eclesiástica y civil, 127.

26 Groot, Historia eclesiástica y civil, 124.

27 Vergara y Vergara, Historia de la literatura en la Nueva Granada, 84.

28 Vergara y Vergara, Historia de la literatura en la Nueva Granada, 85.

29 Rufino J. Cuervo, ‘Sucesos del Carnero’, El Mosaico, 26:1 (1859), 211. Lozano speculates that Cuervo could have possessed a manuscript copy of El carnero that has been lost, as it is evidenced, among other things, by a letter he sent to a friend asking him to reclaim ‘un Carnero [sic] manuscrito’ he lent to someone else (Lozano, ‘Carneros’, n. p.).

30 Bardo, ‘Una tradición’, El Mosaico, 25:1 (1859), 196; I. M. Gutiérrez Ponce, ‘Las crónicas de mi hogar’, Papel Periódico Ilustrado, 32:2 (1882), 127.

31 Alberto Urdaneta, ‘6 de Agosto’, Papel Periódico Ilustrado, 1:1 (1881), 14.

32 Liborio Zerda, ‘El dorado’, Papel Periódico Ilustrado, 13:1 (1882), 207–12 (p. 211).

33 Soledad Acosta de Samper, Biografías de hombres ilustres ó notables, relativos á la época del descubrimiento, conquista y colonización de la parte de América denominada actualmente Estados Unidos de Colombia (Bogotá: Imprenta de la Luz, 1883), 175–88.

34 Tulio Febres Cordero, ‘Los primeros obispos de América’, Revista Literaria, 9:1 (1891), 141.

35 ‘Algunas noticias curiosas sobre Santafé de Bogotá’, 20 de Julio, 2:1 (1865), 6.

36 Eusebio Escobar, ‘Tunja’, Revista Literaria, 20:2 (1891), 507.

37 Soledad Acosta de Samper, ‘La mujer española en Santafé de Bogotá’, Revista Literaria, 1:1 (1890), 45.

38 See for example José Caicedo Rojas, ‘Breve estudio sobre Fray Domingo de las Casas’, Repertorio Colombiano, 8:2 (1879), 91.

39 Groot, Historia eclesiástica y civil, 115.

40 Rodríguez Freile, El carnero, ed. Achury-Valenzuela, 238.

41 José J. Borda, Compendio de historia de Colombia (Bogotá: Camacho Roldán y Tamayo, 1890); Juan P. Restrepo, Compendio de historia patria (Bogotá: J. J. Pérez, 1891).

42 The connection established in this essay between canon formation and the concept of literature is underlined by Beatriz González-Stephan when she notes that elite groups used literary histories to secure representations of national unity: ‘Así, la “literatura” tuvo—de acuerdo con la tradición liberal hegemónica—la capacidad de operar sobre las condiciones materiales para hacer efectivo el progreso social; y las historias literarias representaron el lenguaje institucionalizado de los intereses de estas clases que se atribuyeron la formación de los estados nacionales’ (Fundaciones: canon, historia y cultura nacional. La historiografía literaria del liberalismo hispanoamericano del siglo XIX [Madrid: Iberoamericana/Frankfurt am Main: Vervuert, 2002], 37).

43 José M. Vergara y Vergara, ‘Prólogo a Manuela’, El Mosaico, 1:1 (1858), 8.

44 Gordillo, ‘El mosaico’, 216.

45 José M. Samper, ‘Nuestra literatura’, El Pasatiempo, 146:3 (1854), 411–13 (p. 411).

46 Samper, ‘Nuestra literatura’, 412.

47 Samper, ‘Nuestra literatura’, 413 (original emphasis).

48 Samper, ‘Nuestra literatura’, 412.

49 Samper, ‘Nuestra literatura’, 412.

50 Samper, ‘Nuestra literatura’, 412.

51 González-Stephan, Fundaciones: canon, historia y cultura nacional, 42.

52 ‘Literatura’, El Neo-Granadino, 351:3 (1856), n.p.

53 While in this particular case it is important to stress the difference between tradition and social condition, it is also relevant to note with González-Stephan that ‘the savagery of this tierra incógnita was cushioned by a dose of culture’ as she states in ‘Showcases of Consumption: Historical Panoramas and Universal Expositions’, in Beyond Imagined Communities, ed. Sara Castro-Klarén & John Charles Chasteen (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins U. P., 2003), 225–38 (p. 236). Thus in the article ‘Literatura’, ‘tradición’ and ‘condición social’ are the necessary complements to the representation of ‘naturaleza’. ‘History and literature’, continues González-Stephan, ‘were an essential part of the packaging, as prime mechanisms for the colonization of the imagination’ (237).

54 José Caicedo, ‘La casita de novios: contribuciones para el moderno carnero’, Revista Literaria, 4:41 (1893), 251. Isidoro Laverde was also the director of Revista Literaria, which, as Carmen Acosta points out, had two main objectives: ‘la búsqueda de una expresión propia y la conformación de una nacionaldad’. See ‘Isidoro Laverde y La revista literaria. Una reflexión sobre la historia de la literatura colombiana’, Boletín Cultural y Bibliográfico, 27:28 (1991), n.p., <http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/publicacionesbanrep/boletin/boleti5/bol27/isi1.htm> (accessed 5 June 2013).

55 José A. de los Ríos, ‘Reseña sobre la Historia de la literatura en la Nueva Granada’, Revista de Bogotá, 3:1 (1871), 200.

56 De los Ríos, ‘Reseña’, 200.

57 Pérez, ‘Prólogo a El carnero’, 242.

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