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Original Articles

Montes de Oca: Galdós’ Critique of 1898 quijotismo

Pages 472-482 | Published online: 21 Sep 2007
 

Notes

1. A. Regalado García, Benito Pérez Galdós y la novela histórica española (Madrid: ínsula, 1966), 269.

2. J. F. Montesinos, Galdós (Madrid: Castalia, 1973), III, 24.

3. B. P. Galdós, Ensayos de crítica literaria, ed. L. Bonet (Barcelona: Península, 1972), 66, and M. de Gogorza Fletcher, The Spanish Historical Novel, 1870–1970 (London: Tamesis, 1974), 38. Enrique Tierno Galván's Galdós y el episodio nacionalMontes de Oca’ (Madrid: Tecnos, 1979), shows an appreciation of the novel's concern with contemporary issues.

4. P. Baroja, Vitrina pintoresca (Madrid 1935), 79.

5. A. Ganivet, Hombres del Norte, El porvenir de España (Madrid 1905), 99.

6. Ganivet, Hombres del Norte, 105.

7. Ganviet, Hombres del Norte, 111. Ganivet wrote in a letter in 1898: ‘Si fuera posible triunfar y después abandonar voluntariamente Cuba a su suerte, habríamos realizado una quijotada transcendental y provechosa’, quoted by A. G. Morell, A. Ganivet, el excéntrico del 98 (Granada: Editorial Albaicín, 1965), 160.

8. M. de Unamuno, OC, (Barcelona: Vergara, 1958), V, 712–17, and ‘Sobre el marasmo actual de España’, in En torno al casticismo (Madrid: Aguilar, 1961), 125–46.

9. For a full account of the crisis and Unamuno's personal interpretation of quijotismo, see Diego Catalán, ‘Tres Unamunos ante un capítulo del Quijote’, in Spanish Thought and Letters in the Twentieth Century: Miguel de Unamuno, ed. Germán Bleiberg and E. Inman Fox (Nashville, Tennessee: Vanderbilt U.P., 1966), 101–41.

10. ‘La paz se conquista con guerra. Y la paz verdadera, la paz interior en el hogar y en la conciencia, ésta sólo la conquistaremos con guerra exterior, guerra en la calle y en la sociedad. Vale más pelear con la conciencia apaciguada, que vivir en paz, paz aparente, con la conciencia atormentada o subyugada’, quoted by Domingo Paniagua, ‘Unamuno y la guerra civil’, Revistas culturales contemporáneos, I (Madrid: Ediciones ‘Punta Europa’, 1964), 122–24.

11. H. Ramsden, The 1898 Movement in Spain (Manchester: M.U.P., 1975), 155–67.

12. Unamuno, OC, V, 473.

13. L. Mallada, ‘La futura revolución española’, Revista Contemporánea (July 1897), 53.

14. It had regular contributions from Pi y Margall and Blasco Ibañez. One of its mottoes was ‘¡Abajo las cesantías de ministros de tres días!’

15. Blanco y Negro, 23 April 1898.

16. Blanco y Negro, 20 January 1900.

17. The articles by A. H. Obaid on the impact of Cervantes on the Episodios nacionales are collections of quotations from the novels which are reminiscent of Cervantes. A. H. Obaid, ‘La Mancha en los Episodios nacionales de Galdós’, Hispania, (Baltimore), XLI (1958), 42–47, and ‘Sancho Panza en los Episodios nacionales de Galdós’, Hispania (Baltimore), XLII (1959), 199–204. In his detailed discourse on the Romantic interpretation of Don Quijote, A. Close barely mentions Pérez Galdós, whose ironic gift brings him nearer to Cervantes than any other modern Spanish writer. See The Romantic Approach to Don Quixote: A Critical History of the Romantic Tradition in Quixote Criticism (Cambridge: C.U.P., 1978), for the history of the symbolic interpretation of Don Quijote.

18. All references are to Benito Pérez Galdós, Obras Completas (Madrid: Aguilar, 1963).

19. Galdós may have got some of the detail of afrancesamiento from his copy of Fray Gerundio, Teatro social del Siglo XIX, (Madrid 1846), 11. ‘Madrid en 1850 o aventuras de don Lucio Lanzas’ is a satirical treatment of the adoption of French fashions, op. cit., 137–45.

20. Galdós develops the family of don Teodoro Sobrepuja described by Mesonero Romanos in ‘Los paletos de Madrid’, Escenas matritenses, ed. J. Sainz de Robles (Madrid 1945), 230–37. Galdós marked this article in his edition of Mesonero Romanos’ Panorama matritense. Primera Serie 1832–35 (Madrid 1862), 276.

21. The manuscript of Montes de Oca reveals that Galdós worked carefully over this passage. On the reverse of MO folio 64 is the original description of the effect of the light: ‘y resplandecía también con la refracción de aquella materia blanca como lluvia de los cielos pulverizados …’

22. Galdós uses the mechanical actions of the feuilleton hero to bring out the childishness of his exaltado liberal.

23. Contemporary critics like Leopoldo Alas could not understand why Galdós had decided to write a novel about a figure who was comparatively unimportant historically. Alas, Obras completas (Madrid 1912), 1, 347.

24. N. Pastor Díaz, Galería de españoles célebres contemporáneos (Madrid 1841–45), 11, 1–74.

25. N. Pastor Díaz, Galería, 5.

26. N. Pastor Díaz, Galería, 19.

27. N. Pastor Díaz, Galería, 16–18.

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