The old world salsola as a source of valuable secondary metabolites endowed with diverse pharmacological activities: a review

Figures & data

Figure 1. Photographs of selected Salsola spp.; a. S. kali (adapted from kali https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/sp./salsola/kali/), b. S. collina, c. S. tragus, d. S. imbricata (adapted from https://www.floraofqatar.com/amaranthaceae.htm), e. S. komarovii, f. S. oppositifolia Desf. (adapted from adapted from https://powo.science.kew.org/), g. S. soda (adapted from https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/sp./168053), h. S. laricifolia (adapted from https://panama.inaturalist.org/taxa/985676-Salsola-laricifolia).

Table 1. Current taxonomic status and synonyms of Salsola plants mentioned in this review article.

Plant	Genus	Basionym and synonyms according to POWO^34 and IPNI^35	Native Distribution range^34
S. arbuscula	Xylosalsola Tzvelev	Synonyms: S. arborescens S. exasperate S. transhyrcanica	European Russia to Mongolia and Pakistan
S. collina	Salsola	Basionym of Kali collinum^31 Synonyms: S. chinensis Gand. S. erubescens Schrad. S. ircutiana Gand. S. kali subsp. collina (Pall.)	South European Russia to Korea
S. cyclophylla	Transferred to Genus Caroxylon^31	Basionym of Caroxylon cyclophyllum (Baker)^31	Syria to Sudan and South Pakistan
S. grandis	Salsola	Basionym for Soda grandis^28	Turkey
S. imbricata	Transferred to Genus Caroxylon^31	Basionym of Caroxylon imbricatum^31 Synonyms: S. baryosma Schult. Caroxylon foetidum Moq. Nitrosalsola baryosma (Schult.) Theodorova S. marosteum Moq. S. moorcroftiana Wall. Chenopodium baryosmon Schult. S. foetida Del.^36	Sahara & Sahel to west India distributed throughout warm desert areas of northwest India, Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan and tropical east Africa^36
S. inermis Forssk	Transferred to Genus Caroxylon^31	Basionym of Caroxylon inermis (Forssk.)^31	Egypt, Arabian Peninsula, and Iran
S. kali	Salsola	It has different varieties and synonyms such as S. scariosa, S. spinosa, S. turgida	Atlantic and Mediterranean coast countries
S. komarovii	Salsola	Basionym of Kali komarovii (Iljin)^31	It grows in sand dunes and beaches in Japan, China, and Korea^37
S. laricifolia Turcz	Salsola	–	Central Asia to Mongolia and North Xinjiang
S. longifolia Forssk.	Salsola	Basionym of Soda longifolia (Forssk.)^28 Synonyms as S. fruticosa Cav. S. longiflora J.F.Gmel. S. oppositifolia Sieber ex Moq.	Sahara to Arabian Peninsula
S. micranthera	Caroxylon	Basionym of Caroxylon micrantherum (Botsch.) Nitrosalsola micranthera (Botsch.)^38	Central Asia to Southern Xinjiang
S. oppositifolia Desf.	Salsola	Basionym of Soda oppositifolia (Desf.)^28 Synonyms: S. oppositifolia f. feminea Botsch. Seidlitzia oppositifolia (Desf.) Iljin	Mediterranean countries
S. richteri	Xylosalsola Tzvelev	Synonyms: Xylosalsola richteri (Moq.) Salsola arborescens var. richteri Moq.	Central Asia and Pakistan
S. rigida Pall.	Caroxylon	Synonyms: Caroxylon orientale Salsola orientalis S.G.Gmel. Salsola syriaca Botsch. Salsola heliaramiae Mouterde	Central Sinai to North Xinjiang and West Pakistan
S. soda L.	Salsola	Its name has been modified to Soda inermis^28 Synonyms: Salsola longifolia Lam.	Growing on saline soils throughout Armenia, Iran, Turkey, and Turkmenistan, is cultivated and highly prized as a leaf vegetable (agretti) in the Mediterranean region
S. somalensis	Halothamnus Jaub. & Spach	Basionym of Halothamnus somalensis	Tropical Africa
S. tetrandra	Transferred to Genus Caroxylon^31	Basionym of Caroxylon tetrandrum (Forssk.)	North Africa, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Sinai
S. tetragona	Caroxylon	Synonyms: Caroxylon tetragonum Salsola pachoi Volkens & Asch. Salsola diplantha Botsch Halogeton tetragonus (Delile) Moq.	North Africa to Palestine
S. tragus	Salsola	Basionym of S. kali var. tragus (L.) Moq. S. kali subsp. tragus (L.) Čelak. S. ruthenica var. tragus (L.) Morariu Synonyms as S. ruthenica S. pestifer A.Nelson	Europe to Siberia and Korea
S. tuberculatiformis	Caroxylon	Basionym of Caroxylon tuberculatiforme (Botsch.)^39 Synonyms: S. tuberculate^40	Cape, South Africa
S. villosa Schult.	Caroxylon	Synonyms as Salsola palaestinica Botsch. Salsola mandavillei Botsch. Salsola libyca Botsch.vSalsola delileana Botsch. Salsola damascena Botsch. Nitrosalsola palaestinica (Botsch.) Theodorova	Egypt, India, Lebanon-Syria, Libya, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Sinai
S. volkensii	Caroxylon/Nitrosalsola	Basionym of Caroxylon volkensii (Schweinf. & Asch.)^31 Basionym of Nitrosalsola volkensii (Schweinf. & Asch.)^38	Egypt, Iraq, and Arabian Peninsula

Figure 2. Structures of alkaloids and nitrogenous compounds (1.1–1.23) reported in the genus Salsola.

Figure 3. Structures of cardenolides and steroids (2.1–2.12) reported in the genus Salsola.

Figure 4. Structures of coumarins and coumarinolignans (3.1–3.12) reported in the genus Salsola.

Figure 5. Structures of fatty acids and their derivatives (4.1–4.17) reported in the genus Salsola.

Table 2. Non-volatile constituents from the genus Salsola.

No.	Class/Name	Plant/ part	Reference
I- Alkaloids and nitrogenous compounds
1.1	N-Acetyltryptophan	The whole plant of S. collina Pall.; S. grandis Freitag, Vural & Adiguzel	^66^,^70^,^77
1.2	Carnegine	S. richteri; GC/MS of the aerial parts of S. oppositifolia Desf.	^45^,^48
1.3	N-[2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enamide	The whole plant of S. foetida	^78
1.4	N-[2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-enamide	The whole plant of S. foetida	^78
1.5	Cis-N-Feruloyltyramine	The aerial parts of S. baryosoma	^67
1.6	N-Trans-feruloyl-3′″-methoxydopamine 4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	The aerial parts of S. collina	^43
1.7	Trans-N-Feruloyl tyramine-4′″-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	The aerial parts of S. inermis Forssk	^51
1.8	N-[2-(3-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-prop-2-enamide	The whole plant of S. foetida	^78
1.9	7′-Hydroxy-3′-methylmoupinamide; N-trans-feruloyl-3-O-methyldopamine	The whole plant of S. collina Pall.; HPLC of the aerial parts of S. komarovii	^43^,^66^,^79
1.10	7′-Hydroxymoupinamide (7′-Hydroxy N-trans- feruloyltyramine); trans-N-Feruloyloctopamine	The whole plant of S. collina Pall. and aerial parts of S. tetrandra; aerial parts of S. baryosoma	^53^,^66^,^67
1.11	Methyl carbamate	S. tetrandra, S. kali, S. longifolia and S. rigida	^69
1.12	N-Methylisosalsoline	By GC/MS of the aerial parts of S. tragus L., S. oppositifolia Desf., and S. soda L.	^48
1.13	Moupinamide (N-trans-Feruloyltyramine)	The whole plant of S. collina Pall. and aerial parts of S. tetrandra; UPLC/qTOF-MS analysis of whole plants of S. vermiculata and S. Tetrandra; Forssk; aerial parts of S. baryosoma; HPLC of the aerial parts of S. komarovii	^43^,^53^,^66–68^,^80^,^79
1.14	Pericampylinone-A (iseluxine)	The whole plant of S. collina Pall.	^66
1.15	Salisomide	The arial parts S. imbricata Forssk	^57
1.16	Salsoline	Aerial parts and root of Salsola kali L. and S. longifolia Forssk; GC/MS of the aerial parts of S. tragus L., S. oppositifolia Desf., and S. soda L.	^44^,^45^,^48^,^75^,^81
1.17	Salsoline A (Trolline)	S. collina Pall.; UPLC/qTOF-MS analysis of whole plants of S. vermiculata and S. tetrandra	^47^,^49^,^66^,^68
1.18	Salsoline B	S. collina Pall.	^43
1.19	Salsolidine (N-Norcarnegine)	The aerial parts of S. kali L. and S. longifolia Forssk; GC/MS of the aerial parts of S. tragus L., S. oppositifolia Desf., and S. soda L.	^45^,^48^,^81
1.20	Terrestric acid; 4-Amino-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-6-oxo-1,3,5-triazine-2-carboxylic acid	The whole plant of S. collina Pall.	^66
1.21	Tridecanamine	By GC-MS analysis of the aerial parts of S. tetrandra	^71
1.22	Uracil	The whole plant of S. collina Pall.	^66
1.23	Uridine	The whole plant of S. collina Pall.	^66
II- Cardenolides and steroids
A. Cardenolides
2.1	3-O-β-D-Allopyranosylcoroglaucigenin (salsotetragonin)	The aerial parts of S. tetragona	^50
2.2	Calactin	The aerial parts of S. tetragona	^50
2.3	12-Dehydroxyghalakinoside	The aerial parts of S. tetragona	^50
2.4	Desglucouzarin	The aerial parts of S. tetragona	^50
2.5	Uzarigenin	The aerial parts of S. tetragona	^50
B. Steroids
2.6	Campesterol	S. collina	^73
2.7	Cholesterol	S. collina	^73
2.8	Desmosterol	S. collina	^73
2.9	β-Sitosterol	The aerial parts of S. inermis; S. collina	^51^,^73
2.10	Stigmastanol	The aerial parts of S. inermis	^51
2.11	Stigmasterol	The aerial parts of S. inermis; S. collina	^51^,^73
2.12	Stigmasterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	The aerial parts of S. inermis	^51
III- Coumarins and coumarinolignans
3.1	Umbelliferone	The aerial parts of S. inermis	^51
3.2	Scopoletin	The aerial parts of S. inermis	^51
3.3	Fraxidin	The epigeal part of S. laricifolia; Herb and root of S. kali L.	^75^,^82
3.4	Fraxidin-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	The epigeal part of S. laricifolia	^82
3.5	Isofraxidin	The epigeal part of S. laricifolia	^82
3.6	Fraxetin	The epigeal part of S. laricifolia	^82
3.7	Fraxin	The epigeal part of S. laricifolia	^82
3.8	Scopolin	The epigeal part of S. laricifolia	^82
3.9	7-[O-β-D-Apiofuranosyl-(l→ 2)-6-D-glucopyranosyloxy]- 6-methoxy-2H-l-benzopyran-2-one (lariside)	The epigeal part of S. laricifolia	^82^,^83
3.10	Calycantoside; Calicantoside	The epigeal part of S. laricifolia	^76^,^82
3.11	Cleomiscosin B	S. laricifolia	^52
3.12	Cleomiscosin D	S. laricifolia	^52
IV- Fatty acids and their derivatives
4.1	2,3-Dihydroxypropylpalmitate	The aerial parts of S. tetragona	^50
4.2	2,7-Dimethyl-1-octanol	By GC-MS analysis of the aerial parts of S. tetrandra	^71
4.3	3,9-Diethyl-6-tridecanol	By GC-MS analysis of the aerial parts of S. tetrandra	^71
4.4	2,3-Dihydroxypropyl octadecanoate	By GC-MS analysis of the aerial parts of S. tetrandra	^71
4.5	Linoleic acid	UPLC/qTOF-MS analysis of whole plants of S. vermiculata and S. tetrandra	^68
4.6	Linolenic acid	UPLC/qTOF-MS analysis of whole plants of S. vermiculata and S. tetrandra	^68
4.7	9-Octadecynoic acid	By GC-MS analysis of the aerial parts of S. tetrandra	^71
4.8	9,12-Octadecadienoic (Z,Z) methyl ester	By GC-MS analysis of the aerial parts of S. tetrandra	^71
4.9	Oleic acid	The aerial parts of S. tetragona; UPLC/qTOF-MS analysis of whole plants of S. vermiculata and S. tetrandra	^50^,^68
4.10	Palmitic acid; Hexadecenoic acid	UPLC/qTOF-MS analysis of whole plants of S. vermiculata and S. tetrandra	^68
4.11	Palmitic acid methyl ester; methyl palmitate	By GC-MS analysis of the aerial parts of S. tetrandra	^71
4.12	Palmitic acid ethyl ester; Hexadecenoic acid ethyl ester	By GC-MS analysis of the aerial parts of S. tetrandra	^71
4.13	9,12,13-Trihydroxyoctadeca-10(E),15(Z)-dienoic acid	The aerial parts of S. tetrandra	^53
4.14	9,12,13-Trihydroxy-10(E)-octadecenoic acid
4.15	9,12,13-Trihydroxydocosan-10,15,19-trienoic acid	The aerial parts of S. inermis	^51
4.16	Tetradecanoic acid methyl ester	By GC-MS analysis of the aerial parts of S. tetrandra	^71
4.17	9,​12,​13-​Trihydroxy-​7-​octadecenoic acid	UPLC/qTOF-MS analysis of whole plants of S. vermiculata and S. tetrandra	^68
V- Flavonoids and flavonolignans:
A. Flavones and their derivatives
5.1	Apigenin	HPLC analysis of whole plant of S. imbricata Forssk	^84
5.2	Chrysin	HPLC analysis of whole plant of S. imbricata Forssk	^84
5.3	Flavonol (Flavon-3-ol; 3-Hydroxyflavone)	S. grandis Freitag, Vural & Adiguzel	^70
5.4	Isorhamnetin	The whole plant of S. collina Pall.; leaves of S. Imbricata; HPLC of the aerial parts of S. komarovii	^66^,^79^,^80
5.5	Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside (Narcissoside)	S. kali; UPLC/qTOF-MS analysis of whole plants of S. vermiculata and S. tetrandra; S. grandis Freitag, Vural & Adiguzel; aerial parts of wild S. soda; aerial parts of S. Oppositifolia; HPLC of the aerial parts of S. komarovii	^10^,^54^,^68^,^70^,^77^,^79^,^85
5.6	Isorhamnetin-3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl (1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside	The whole plant of S. collina	^60
5.7	Isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside	S. grandis Freitag, Vural & Adiguzel Leaves of S. Imbricata	^70^,^77^,^80
5.8	Isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	The whole plant of S. collina; aerial parts of S. inermis, and S. kali; UPLC/qTOF-MS analysis of whole plants of S. vermiculata and S. tetrandra; S. grandis Freitag, Vural & Adiguzel; leaves of S. imbricata Forssk; aerial parts of S. oppositifolia; HPLC of the aerial parts of S. komarovii	^Citation51,Citation54,Citation60,Citation68,Citation70,Citation77,79,80,85
5.9	Isorhamnetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	The whole plant of S. collina	^60
5.10	Isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronate methyl ester (1′″→4′`)-β-glucuronate methyl ester	Leaves of S. imbricata Forssk	^80
5.11	Isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide	S. grandis Freitag, Vural & Adiguzel; aerial parts of wild S. soda	^10^,^70^,^77
5.12	Isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronyl-(1′``→4′`)-β-D-glucuronic acid	Leaves of S. imbricata Forssk	^80
5.13	Kaempferol-3-O-methylether	The aerial parts of S. inermis	^51
5.14	Kaempferol-3-O-β-D-(6′`-O-(E)-p-coumaroyl)glucopyranoside); trans-Tiliroside	S. grandis Freitag, Vural & Adiguzel	^70^,^77
5.15	Kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside; Astragalin	The aerial parts of S. tetragona, and S. inermis; HPLC of the aerial parts of S. komarovii	^50^,^51^,^79
5.16	Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside	HPLC of the aerial parts of S. komarovii	^79
5.17	Luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside	HPLC analysis of aerial parts and root of S. kali L.	^75
5.18	Quercetin	S. collina Pall., S. kali; HPLC analysis of S. imbricata Forssk; UPLC/qTOF-MS analysis of whole plants of S. vermiculata and S. tetrandra; S. grandis Freitag, Vural & Adiguzel; LC-MS of S. cyclophylla	^15^,^66^,^68^,^70^,^77^,^84
5.19	Quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactoside; Hyperin; Hyperoside	HPLC analysis of aerial parts and root of S. kali L.; S. grandis Freitag, Vural & Adiguzel; LC-MS analysis of S. cyclophylla	^15^,^70^,^77^,^75
5.20	Quercetin-3-​O-​glucopyranoside; Isoquercitrin	HPLC of the aerial parts of S. komarovii	^79
5.21	Quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-glucopyranoside	The aerial parts of S. tetragona	^50
5.22	Quercetin-3-​O-​glucuronopyranoside	The aerial parts of wild S. soda	^10^,^79
5.23	Quercetin-3-O-methylether	S. grandis Freitag, Vural & Adiguzel	^77
5.24	Quercetin 3-α-L-rhamnoside; Quercetrin	HPLC analysis of whole plant of S. imbricata Forssk; S. grandis Freitag, Vural & Adiguzel	^70^,^77^,^84
5.25	Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside; Rutin	S. collina Pall.; HPLC analysis of S. imbricata Forssk; UPLC/qTOF-MS analysis of whole plants of S. vermiculata and S. tetrandra; S. grandis Freitag, Vural & Adiguzel; aerial parts of wild S. soda; HPLC of the aerial parts of S. komarovii	^10^,^66^,^68^,^70^,^77^,^79^,^84
5.26	Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside-(1:2)-O-rhamnoside; Quercetin 3-O-(2′`,6′`-di-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (Manghaslin)	S. grandis Freitag, Vural & Adiguzel	^70^,^77
5.27	Selagin; 3′-O-Methyltricetin	The whole plant of S. collina Pall.	^60
5.28	Tricin	The whole plant of S. collina Pall.	^60^,^66
5.29	Tricin-4′-O-[erythro-β-guaiacylglyceryl] ether; Erythro-4′-O-(β-guaiacylglyceryl)tricin (salcolin B)	The epigeal part of S. collina	^56^,^86
5.30	Tricin-4′-O-[threo-β-guaiacylglyceryl] ether; Threo-4′-O-(β-guaiacylglyceryl)tricin (salcolin A)	The epigeal part of S. collina
5.31	Tricin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	The whole plant of S. collina Pall	^60^,^66
5.32	Tricin-4′-O-β-D-apioside	The whole plant of S. collina	^60
B. Flavanols and flavanones
5.33	Catechin	HPLC analysis of whole plant of S. imbricata Forssk	^84
5.34	Hesperidin	HPLC analysis of whole plant of S. imbricata Forssk	^84
5.35	Hesperitin	HPLC analysis of whole plant of S. imbricata Forssk	^84
5.36	Naringenin	HPLC analysis of whole plant of S. imbricata Forssk	^84
C. Isoflavonoids
5.37	5,2′-Dihydroxy-5′-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxy-isoflavone (Tetranin B)	S. tetrandra Folsk roots	^59
5.38	5,2′-Dihydroxy-6,7-methylenedioxyisoflavone (Irisone B)	The whole plant of S. collina Pall.	^66^,^87
5.39	5,3′-Dihydroxy-2′-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxyisoflavone	The roots of S. somalensis	^55^,^88
5.40	5,3′-Dihydroxy-6,7,2′-trimethoxyisoflavone	The roots of S. somalensis	^55
5.41	5,3′-Dihydroxy-6,7,8,2′-tetramethoxyisoflavone	The roots of S. somalensis	^55^,^88
5.42	5,3′-Dihydroxy-7,8,2′-trimethoxyisoflavone	The roots of S. somalensis	^55^,^88
5.43	6,3′-Dihydroxy-5,7,2′-trimethoxyisoflavone	The roots of S. somalensis	^55
5.44	7,3′-Dihydroxy-5,6,2′-trimethoxyisoflavone	The roots of S. somalensis	^55
5.45	8,3′-Dihydroxy-5,7,2′-trimethoxyisoflavone	The roots of S. somalensis	^55
5.46	3′-Hydroxy-5,6,7,2′-tetramethoxyisoflavone	The roots of S. somalensis	^55
5.47	5,6,3′-Trihydroxy-7,2′-dimethoxyisoflavone	The roots of S. somalensis	^55
5.48	5,8,3′-Trihydroxy-7,2′-dimethoxyisoflavone	The roots of S. somalensis	^55
5.49	6,7,3′-Trihydroxy-5,2′-dimethoxyisoflavone	The roots of S. somalensis	^55
5.50	5,2′,3′-Trimethoxy-6,7- methylenedioxyisoflavone	The roots of S. somalensis	^88
5.51	5,6,7,2′,3′-Pentamethoxyisoflavone	The roots of S. somalensis	^55
5.52	5,7,8,2′,3′-Pentamethoxyisoflavone	The roots of S. somalensis	^88
D. Isoflavan
5.53	Salisoflavan	The arial parts S. imbricata Forssk	^57
VI-Lignans
6.1	Acanthoside D	The whole plant of S. collina	^60
6.2	Alangilignoside C	The aerial parts of S. komarovii	^89
6.3	Conicaoside	The aerial parts of S. komarovii	^89
6.4	(8S,8′R,7′R)-9′-[(β-Glucopyranosyl)oxy]lyoniresinol	The aerial parts of S. komarovii	^89
6.5	Lariciresinol-9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	The aerial parts of S. komarovii	^89
6.6	(+)-Lyoniresinol 9′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	The aerial parts of S. komarovii	^89
VII- Triterpenoids and their derivatives
A. Triterpenoids
7.1	3-O-β-D-Glucopyranosyl-6β,11β,23,24- tetrahydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid	The whole plant of S. baryosma	^64
7.2	Guavenoic acid; 2α,3β,6β,23-Tetrahydroxyursa-12,20(30)-dien-28-oic acid	S. baryosma	^90
7.3	Momordin IIb; Silphioside G; Oleanolic acid 3-glucuronide 28-glucoside	S. imbricata Forssk root; S. grandis Freitag, Vural & Adiguzel	^61^,^70^,^77
7.4	Momordin IId; 3β-(([O-β-D-Xylopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-O-β-D-glucopyranuronosyl)oxy)-olean-12-ene-28-glucopyranoside	By HPLC-ESI-MS from aerial parts of wild S. soda	^10
7.5	Olean-12-en-3,28-diol	The aerial parts of S. inermis	^51
7.6	Oleanolic acid; Olean-12-en-28-oic acid	The aerial parts of S. inermis; aerial parts of wild S. soda	^10^,^51
7.7	Oleanolic acid-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl	The aerial parts of S. inermis	^51
7.8	1α,2α,3β,19α,23-Pentahydroxyursa-12,20(30)-dien-28-oic acid	S. baryosma	^90
7.9	Pseudoginsenoside RT1	S. imbricata Forssk root	^61
7.10	Salsolin A; 3β,11β,24,30-Tetrahydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid	The whole plant of S. baryosma	^64
7.11	Salsolin B; 2α,3β,23,24-Tetrahydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid	The whole plant of S. baryosma	^64
7.12	Salsolic acid; 3β,6α,24-Trihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid	S. baryosma	^90
7.13	Salsoloside C; Momordin IIc; Oleanolic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside 3-O-[O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(l→4)-β-D-glucuropyranoside]	The epigeal part of S. micranthera Botsch; S. grandis Freitag, Vural & Adiguzel; By HPLC-ESI-MS aerial parts of wild S. soda	^10^,^62^,^70^,^77
7.14	Salsoloside D; Hederagenin 28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside 3-O-[O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(l→4)-β-D-glucuropyranoside]	The epigeal part of S. micranthera Botsch	^62
7.15	Salsoloside E; Oleanolic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside 3-O-[O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(l→4)-β-D-glucuropyranoside]	The epigeal part of S. micranthera Botsch	^63
7.16	3-O-β-D-Xylopyranosyl-(1→2)- O-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-29-hydroxyoleanolic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	S. imbricata Forssk root	^61
B. Nortriterpenoids
7.17	3-O-β-D-Glucuronopyranosyl-30-norolean-12,20(dien-28-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl] ester (boussingoside A2)	S. imbricata Forssk root	^61
7.18	3-O-β-D-Xylopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-akebonic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	S. imbricata Forssk root	^61
VIII- Phenolic acids and simple phenols
8.1	Acetyl ferulic acid	S. collina Pall.	^66
8.2	Anisic acid	S. collina Pall.	^66
8.3	Benzoic acid	HPLC analysis of whole plant of S. imbricata Forssk	^84
8.4	Caffeic acid	HPLC analysis of whole plants of S. kali and S. imbricata Forssk; UPLC/qTOF-MS analysis of whole plants of S. vermiculata and S. tetrandra	^12^,^68^,^84
8.5	Caffeic acid phenethyl ester; β-​Phenylethyl caffeate	LC-MS analysis of S. cyclophylla	^15
8.6	Catechol	HPLC analysis of herb and root of S. kali	^12
8.7	Chlorogenic acid	HPLC analysis of whole plant of S. imbricata Forssk; LC-MS analysis of S. cyclophylla	^15^,^84
8.8	Cinnamic acid	HPLC analysis of whole plant of S. imbricata Forssk; LC-MS analysis of S. cyclophylla	^15^,^84
8.9	p-Coumaric acid	HPLC analysis of whole plants of S. kali and S. imbricata Forssk; S. collina Pall.; LC-MS analysis of S. cyclophylla	^12^,^15^,^60^,^66^,^84
8.10	Ferulic acid	Whole plant of S. collina; HPLC analysis of whole plants of S. kali and S. imbricata Forssk; UPLC/qTOF-MS analysis of whole plants of S. vermiculata and S. Tetrandra; LC-MS analysis of S. cyclophylla	^12^,^15^,^60^,^68^,^80^,^84
8.11	Gallic acid	HPLC analysis of whole plant of S. imbricata Forssk; LC-MS of S. cyclophylla	^15^,^84
8.12	Gentisic acid	HPLC analysis of herb and root of S. kali	^12
8.13	4-Hydroxy-acetophenone; 1-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-ethanone	S. tuberculatiformis Botsch.	^40
8.14	4-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-acetophenone; 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-ethanone	S. tuberculatiformis Botsch.	^40
8.15	4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde	S. tuberculatiformis Botsch.	^40
8.16	p-Hydroxybenzoic acid	S. collina Pall.; HPLC analysis of herb and root of S. kali; leaves of and S. imbricata Forssk	^12^,^66^,^80
8.17	p-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid	HPLC analysis of herb and root of S. kali	^12
8.18	Isovanillic acid	Leaves of S. imbricata Forssk	^80
8.19	Protocatechuic aldehyde	S. collina Pall.	^66
8.20	Protocatechuic acid	HPLC analysis of whole plants of S. kali and S. imbricata Forssk	^12^,^84
8.21	Resorcinol	HPLC analysis of aerial parts and root of S. kali L.	^75
8.22	α-Resorcylic acid	HPLC analysis of herb and root of S. kali	^12
8.23	β-Resorcylic acid	HPLC analysis of herb and root of S. kali	^12
8.24	Rosmarinic acid	HPLC analysis of S. imbricata Forssk	^84
8.25	Salicylic acid	S. collina Pall.; HPLC analysis of whole plants of S. imbricata Forssk	^60^,^66^,^84
8.26	Syringic acid	HPLC analysis of herb and root of S. kali	^12
8.27	Tetranin A	S. tetrandra Folsk roots	^59
8.28	Vanillic acid	HPLC analysis of whole plants of S. kali and S. imbricata Forssk; from the aerial parts of S. tetragona	^12^,^50^,^84
8.29	Vanillin	S. collina Pall.	^66
IX- Miscellaneous glycosides
9.1	Benzyl 6-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-β-D-glucopyranoside	The aerial parts of S. komarovii	^89
9.2	Biophenol 2	The aerial parts of S. komarovii	^89
9.3	Blumenol B 9-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside	The aerial parts of S. komarovii	^89
9.4	Blumenyl A β-D-glucopyranoside; Roseoside A	The aerial parts of S. komarovii	^89
9.5	Blumenyl B β-D-glucopyranoside	The aerial parts of S. komarovii	^89
9.6	Canthoside C	The aerial parts of S. tetragona and S. komarovii	^50^,^89
9.7	Canthoside D	The aerial parts of S. tetragona	^50
9.8	Corchoionoside C	The whole plant of S. collina Pall.	^66
9.9	Cuneataside C	The aerial parts of S. komarovii	^89
9.10	2-(3,4-Dihydroxy)-phenyl-ethyl-β-D-glucopyranoside	The aerial parts of S. komarovii	^89
9.11	9-​Hydroxylinaloyl glucoside	The aerial parts of S. tetrandra	^53
9.12	Icariside B2	The aerial parts of S. komarovii	^89
9.13	Isotachioside	The aerial parts of S. komarovii	^89
9.14	Lyohebecarpin A (3β-Hydroxy-5R,6R-epoxy-β -ionone-2R-O-β-D-glucopyranoside)	The aerial parts of S. tetrandra	^53
9.15	Staphylionoside D	The aerial parts of S. komarovii	^89
9.16	Tachioside	The aerial parts of S. komarovii	^89
9.17	Taxiphyllin	The aerial parts of S. tetrandra	^53
9.18	3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside	The aerial parts of S. tetrandra	^53
9.19	(6R,9S)-3-Oxo-α-ionol β-D-glucopyranoside	The aerial parts of S. komarovii	^89
9.20	3-Oxo-α-ionol 9-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside	The aerial parts of S. komarovii	^89
X- Phenylpropanoids
10.1	Biphenylsalsinol; 4′-[3-(hydroxymethyl)oxiran-2-yl]-3- [(E)-3-hydroxyprop-1-en-1-yl]-6, 2′-dimethoxy [1, 1′-biphenyl]-2-ol	The aerial parts of S. villosa Delile. ex Schul.	^91
10.2	Biphenylsalsonoid A; 4′-(9′- (Hydroxymethyl) oxiran-7′-yl)-4-((E)-3-hydroxyprop-7-en-7-yl)-3,3′-dimethoxy-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2,5′-diol	Roots of S. imbricata	^92
10.3	Biphenylsalsonoid B; 4,4′-bis-(9-hydroxymethyl) oxiran-7-yl)-5,3′,5′-trimethoxy [1,1′biphenyl]-3-ol	Roots of S. imbricata	^92
XI- Polyhydric alcohols and carbohydrates
11.1	Ethyl β-D-fructopyranoside	S. collina Pall.	^93
11.2	Ethyl β-D-glucopyranoside	S. collina Pall.	^93
11.3	D-Fructose	S. collina Pall.	^93
11.4	D-Glucose	S. collina Pall.	^93
11.5	D-Mannitol	S. collina Pall.	^93
11.6	Myoinositol	S. collina Pall.	^93
XII- Miscellaneous group
12.1	Salsolanol; 4-(4′-hydroxy-2′-methylcyclopent-2′-enyloxy)- 4-methylcyclopent-2-enol	The aerial parts of S. villosa Delile. ex Schul.	^91
12.2	Sulphurous acid, isohexyl 2- pentyl ester	By GC-MS analysis of the aerial parts of S. tetrandra	^71

Figure 6. Structures of flavonoids and isoflavonoids derivatives (5.1–5.53) reported in the genus Salsola.

Figure 7. Structures of lignans (6.1–6.6) reported in the genus Salsola.

Figure 8. Structures of triterpenoids and nortriterpenoids (7.1–7.18) reported in the genus Salsola.

Figure 9. Structures of phenolic acids derivatives and simple phenols (8.1–8.29) reported in the genus Salsola.

Figure 10. Structures of miscellaneous glycosides (9.1–9.20) reported in the genus Salsola.

Figure 11. Structures of biphenylpropanoids (10.1–10.3) reported in the genus Salsola.

Figure 12. Structures of polyhydric alcohols and carbohydrates (11.1–11.6) reported from the genus Salsola.

Figure 13. Miscellaneous compounds (12.1–12.2) reported in the genus Salsola.

Table 3. Traditional medical uses of Salsola species.

Country	S. sp.	Traditional use	Reference
China	S. collina Pall.	Treatment of hypertension, headache, and vertigo	^43^,^66
Saharo-arabic and Soudano-deccanian	S. baryosma	Vascular hypertension	^101
Middle East	S. baryosoma	Against inflammation and as a diuretic agent	^14^,^102
Chhindwara, India	The whole plant of S. kali L.	Treatment of cough	^14^,^103
Ethiopia	S. somalensis	Anthelmintic	^55^,^88
Mongolia	Aerial parts of S. laricifolia	Used by the nomads of the Gobi Desert as winter tonic tea, for wound healing, and treatment of broken bones and swollen joints	^76
Saudi Arabia	Leaves of S. cyclophylla	Used by local Bedouin as diuretic, laxative, anthelmintic, and anti-inflammatory	^15^,^41
Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan	S. richteri	Used to treat skin conditions and hypertension in Tajik folk medicine	^76
Southern Africa	Aqueous extract of S. tuberculatiformis	Used by Bushmen women as oral contraceptive	^40^,^104

Figure 14. Reported pharmacological activities of plants belonging to the old genus Salsola.

Table 4. Reported pharmacological activities of Salsola species.

Pharmacological action/medicinal use	Salsola spp./part used	Extract /or product used	Collection place	Reference
Effect on the cardiac system and blood pressure
Antihypertensive	S. kali, S. longifolia, and S. ruthenic	–	–	^81^,^105
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibiting activity	Aerial parts of S. oppositifolia, and S. soda	Ethyl acetate extracts	Italy	^106
Cardioprotective effect	Whole shrub of S. kali	Aqueous extract	New Damietta City, Egypt	^107
Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities
Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities	Aerial parts of S. grandis	Ethanolic extract	Nallıhan bird sanctuary, Ankara, Turkey	^77
Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity	Aerial parts of S. Cyclophylla	Aqueous-ethanolic extract	Al-Fuwayliq City in the Qassim region, Saudi Arabia	^15
Anti-inflammatory	S. komarovii	Ethanol extract	Yongin, Korea	^37
Anti-inflammatory	Leaves of S. imbricata Forssk	Aqueous methanolic extract	Baharia Oasis, Egypt	^80
Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic	Aerial parts of S. imbricata	Aqueous ethanol (30:70 v/v) extract	Cholistan desert, Punjab, Pakistan	^108
Antioxidant and Iron chelation activity
Antioxidant and Iron chelation activity	S. cyclophylla	Aqueous ethanolic Extract	Al-Fuwayliq City in the Qassim region, Saudi Arabia	^15
Antioxidant	S. Cyclophylla	Essential oil	Qassim region, Saudi Arabia	^41
Antioxidant	Leaves and stems of S. kali L.	Methanol extract	Borj-Cédria coastal Region, Tunis	^75
Antioxidant activity	Aerial parts of S. oppositofolia, S. soda, and S. tragus	Alkaloid extract	Central and Southern Italy	^48
Antioxidant activity	Aerial parts of S. komarovii	Ethyl acetate extract	Gangneung, Korea	^79
Antioxidant	S. baryosma	Ethyl acetate fraction	Cholistan desert, Pakistan	^109
Antioxidant	S. baryosma	80% (v/v) Aqueous methanol extract	Algeria	^22
Cytotoxic activity
Cytotoxic activity	Aerial parts of S. oppositifolia Desf.	Different extracts were tested	Sicily, Italy	^85
Cytotoxic activity	S. collina	Ethanol extract	–	^110
Phytotoxic activity	S. baryosma	Ethyl acetate fraction	Cholistan desert, Pakistan	^109
Effect on the liver and the gallbladder
Hepatoprotective effect	Aerial parts of S. collina Pall	25% Ethanol extract	Russia	^111
Anti-cholelithiasis	S. collina Pall	Aqueous extract	Russia	^112
Hepatoprotective effect	Aerial parts of S. tetrandra	70% Hydroalcoholic extract	Saudi Arabia	^113
Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect	Whole plants of S. imbricata Forssk	Ethanolic and methanolic extracts	Muhaisnah desert, Dubai, UAE	^84
Hepatoprotective effect	Aerial parts of S. tetrandra and S. baryosma	70% Ethanol-water	Saudi Arabia	^113
Hepatoprotective effect	S. villosa and S. volkensii	Aqueous-alcoholic extract	Egypt	^114
Effects on the gastrointestinal system
Gastroprotective	S. komarovii	50% Alcohol extract	Korea	^115
Gastroprotective	S. tetrandra	70% Alcoholic extract	El Doubia at ElRiyadh- El Dallamroad, Saudi Arabia	^71
Anthelmintic Activity	Bark of S. imbricata	Chloroform extract	Bahawalpur District, Pakistan	^116
Antispasmodic	S. baryosma	Ethyl acetate fraction	Cholistan desert, Pakistan	^109
Antispasmodic and bronchorelaxant activities	Aerial parts of S. imbricata	Aqueous-ethanol extract	Cholistan desert, district Bahawalpur, Pakistan	^117
Improving gastric emptying	S. collina	Ethyl acetate extract	–	^118
Antidiabetic activity
α-amylase inhibitory activity	S. kali	Ethyl acetate fraction	Calabria, Italy	^65
Moderate α-amylase inhibitory activity	Whole plant of S. collina Pall	N-Acetyltryptophan isolated from 80% EtOH extract	Shandong province, China	^66
α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase enzyme inhibitory	S. vermiculata and S. baryosma	Phenolic extract	Algeria	^22
Aldose reductase inhibition	Aerial parts and cultivated buds of wild S. soda	The n-BuOH extracts	Pisa, Italy	^10
Effect on neurodegenerative diseases
Nerve growth factor induction	Aerial parts of S. komarovii	80% Methanol extract	Jejudo, Korea	^89
Anti-Alzheimer's, and antioxidant activity	Aerial parts of S. oppositofolia, S. soda, and S. tragus	Alkaloid extract	Central and Southern Italy	^48
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity	Root of S. vermiculata	Methanol extract	Marsa Matrouh, Egypt	^68
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity	Aerial parts of S. grandis	96% EtOH extract	Ankara, Turkey	^70
Butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity	S. baryosma	Chloroform extract	Pakistan	^90
Contraceptive activity
Contraceptive effect on Female sheep and rats	S. tuberculatiformis	96 % Ethanol extract	South West Africa	^119
Contraceptive effect on male rats	S. imbricata Forssk	Ethanol extract	Muhaisnah Desert, Dubai, UAE	^104
Effect on melanin biosynthesis
Tyrosinase enzyme inhibitory activity	S. foetida	Trans-N-feruloyltyramine derivatives	Lal Sohanra National Forest Park of Bahawalpur, Pakistan	^78
Antimicrobial activity
Antibacterial	Aerial parts of S. villosa	Chloroform extract and isolated compounds	Arar, Saudi Arabia	^91
Antibacterial	Roots of S. imbricata	Biphenylsalsonoids A and B	Arar, Saudi Arabia	^92
Antibacterial	S. kali L. stem	Methanol extract	Borj-Cédria coastal Region, Tunis	^75
Antibacterial and antifungal activities	S. cyclophylla	Essential oil	Qassim region, Saudi Arabia	^41
Antibacterial	Roots of S. vermiculate	Ethanolic extract	Monastir, Tunisia	^42
Antifungal activity	Aerial parts of S. vermiculate	Aqueous extract	kanadssa Bechar, Algeria	^120
Antifungal activity	S. collina Pall	Terrestric acid	Shandong province, China	^66
Insecticidal activity
against Trogoderma granarium	Leaves of S. baryosma (schultes)	Ethanol extract	Pakistan	^121

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