Foot and mouth disease vaccine strain selection: current approaches and future perspectives

Figures & data

Figure 1. Distribution of seven endemic pools of FMD (reproduced from http://www.wrlfmd.org/).

Figure 2. 3D structure (cartoon) of O1 BFS co-ordinates (1FOD, reduced) showing five neutralizing antigenic sites. VP1 is shown in red, VP2 in green, VP3 in blue and VP4 in cyan. The critical residues for the antigenic sites are shown as yellow spheres.

Figure 3. Heatmap and clustering analysis of VNT titers of 74 serotype O viruses with five antisera. Viruses are of global origin and clustered according to their neutralization profiles along the vertical axis. Similarly the antisera are arranged according to their abilities to neutralize the panel of viruses along the horizontal axis. A1: O/BFS, A2: O/Manisa, A3: O/Kaufbeuren, A4: O/UKG, A5: O/PanAsia-2. Darker color indicates higher VNT titer.

Table 1. FMD vaccines used in the East African countries.

	FMDV serotypes
Country	O	A	C	SAT 1	SAT 2	Reference	Comment
Kenya	KEN/77/78	KEN/5/80, KEN/35/80	K267/67	T1557/71	K52/84	Sangula et al., 2011	Locally produced by KEVEVAPI, Kenya
Eritrea	NA	A/ERI/98	NA	NA	NA
Ethiopia	ETH-O-281	ETH-A-110	NA	NA	NA	G. Ayelet (per. comm.)	O/Manisa and A22/Iraq imported from India
Sudan	Quadrivalent	Quadrivalent	NA	Quadrivalent	Quadrivalent	http://www.wrlfmd.org/	From KEVEVAPI, Kenya
Tanzania	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA		From KEVEVAPI, Kenya
Burundi	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	http://www.wrlfmd.org/	From KEVEVAPI, Kenya
Somalia	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	http://www.wrlfmd.org/	From KEVEVAPI, Kenya
Uganda	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	http://www.wrlfmd.org/	From KEVEVAPI, Kenya

NA: not available; per. comm.: personal communication.

Figure 4. Antigenic relationship (r₁) values of 80 East Africa type O isolates. The serological match (r₁-values) in the range of < 0.3, 0.3–0.5, and 0.5–1 for the six vaccine strains are shown.

Figure 5. Antigenic relationship (r₁) values of serotype O Indian isolates (A) and isolates from other countries (B) against O/IND R2/75 vaccine antisera and (C) serotype O-Ind-2001d viruses against five post-vaccinal bovine antisera. The horizontal dotted line indicates the cut-off value of 0.3, above which the vaccine is considered to be a good match. Reproduced from (92) under Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY).

Figure 6. Antigenic relationship (r₁) values of 85 Southeast Asia type O isolates. The serological match (r₁-values) in the range of < 0.3, 0.3–0.5 and 0.5–1 for the five vaccine strains are shown. Reproduced from (79) under Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY).

Figure 7. (A) Bayesian phylogenetic tree of the A-Iran-05 viruses and (B) respective r₁-values against A22/Iraq (white bars) and A/TUR/2006 (black bars) antisera. The sublineages were defined by WRLFMD on the basis of VP1 sequences and are labeled on the respective branches in this figure. The horizontal dotted line indicates the cut-off value of 0.3, above which the vaccine is considered to be a good match. Reproduced from (90) under Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY).

Figure 8. Antigenic relationship (r₁) values of 56 East Africa type A isolates. The serological match (r₁-values) in the range of < 0.3 and > 0.3 for the seven vaccine strains are shown.