Digital health technology used in emergency large-scale vaccination campaigns in low- and middle-income countries: a narrative review for improved pandemic preparedness

Figures & data

Figure 1. Typical steps in the vaccination journey in low- and middle-income countries.

Figure 2. Low- and middle-income countries using the capabilities of digital health tools along the vaccination process.

Colored countries indicated countries in which we could identify the use of digital tools along the large-scale vaccination process. Due to an insufficient level of granularity in the available data, a distinction between tool functionalities in each country could not be made. This is not an exhaustive list. The sources to build this map are listed in Table 1 and in [25] for DHIS2 COVID-19 (Vaccine Delivery toolkit).

Table 1. Functionalities of the digital health tools used across the large-scale vaccination process in low- and middle-income countries.

Table 2. Technicalities of the digital health tools used across the large-scale vaccination process in low- and middle-income countries.

Tool Name	Type	Android*	iOS*	Repository	Open Source	DPG/DGG Status**	Reference
AfriDoctor	Web-based				No		[28]
	Native App	Yes	No	AfriDoctor APK for Android Download - APKPure	No		[28]
Carné de Vacunación (Ministerio de Salud del Peru)	Web-based						[30]
	Native App	Yes	Yes	Apple App Store, Google Play
CommCare (Dimagi)	Web-based			GitHub	Yes	DGG	[55]
	Native App	Yes	Yes	Apple App Store, Google Play	Yes
Conecte SUS	Web-based						[33]
	Native App	Yes	Yes	Apple App Store, Google Play
DHIS2 COVID-19	Web-based			GitHub	Yes	DGG	[34,56]
	Native App (Capture app)	Yes		Google Play	Yes		[34,56]
Co-WIN	Web-based			GitHub	Yes		[36,57]
Digital Infrastructure for Verifiable Open Credentialing (DIVOC)	Web-based			GitHub	Yes	DPG	[40,58]
Mi Argentina/ Mi Salud	Web-based			GitHub	Yes		[59]
	Native App	Yes	Yes	Apple App Store, Google Play	Yes		[41,59]
M-Vaccin (Gavi and Orange)	Native App						[42,60]
mVacciNation	Web-based						[44]
	Native App	Yes					[44]
OpenSRP FHIR Core	Web-based			GitHub	Yes	DGG***	[45,46,61,62]
	Native App	Yes	No	GitHub	Yes	DGG***	[45,46,61,62]
Oracle Health Management System	Web-based				No		[26]
South Africa’s Electronic Vaccination Data System (EVDS)	Web-based						[48]
Simprints	Native App	Yes	No	Google Play	No		[49]
Trusted Vaccines	Web-based						[50]
Vaxiglobal	Web-based						[51]
Vxnaid	Native App	Yes	No	GitHub	Yes	DGG	[53]
WelTel Health Platform	Web-based						[54]

*Based on retrieval in the Google Play store or Apple App store or as cited in the respective references. **Based on DPG and DGG status in [75,99]; for tools that received both labels, only DGG is listed. ***DGG label is related to OpenSRP. App, application; DGG, Digital Global Good; DHIS2, District Health Information Software 2; DPG, Digital Public Good; iOS, Internet/iPhone Operating System (Apple); OpenSRP, open-source smart register platform; SMS, short message service

Native app, an application built for a specific platform, such as iPhone or Android, using their code libraries and accessing their available hardware features (camera, global positioning system [GPS,] etc.); Web-based app, an application hosted on the web and accessed from a browser on the mobile device; Open source, developed in a decentralized and collaborative way, relying on peer review and community production.

Note: Empty table cells indicate information that was not available, not found, or not sufficiently verified.

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Data Availability Statement

The data sharing policy of Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson is available at https://www.janssen.com/clinical-trials/transparency. The data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article or its supplementary materials.