Spectrum of neonatal COVID-19 in Iran: 19 infants with SARS-CoV-2 perinatal infections with varying test results, clinical findings and outcomes

Abstract

Background

There have been few cohorts of neonates with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) reported. As a result, there remains much to be learned about mechanisms of neonatal infection including potential vertical transmission, best methods of testing, and the spectrum of clinical findings. This communication describes the epidemiology, diagnostic test results and clinical findings of neonatal COVID-19 during the pandemic in Iran.

Materials and methods

This is a retrospective cohort study of 19 neonates infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from 10 hospitals throughout Iran. We analyzed obstetrical information, familial COVID-19 status, neonatal medical findings, perinatal complications, hospital readmissions, patterns of repeated testing, and clinical outcomes.

Results

Eleven neonates had family members infected. Five mothers were negative for COVID-19 and four neonates had no identifiable family source of infection. The neonatal mortality rate from COVID-19 was 10%. Seven newborns (37%) were discharged from the hospital as healthy but required readmission for symptoms of COVID-19. There were 2 multifetal gestations – one set each of twins and triplets, each with disparate testing and clinical outcomes. Premature delivery was common, occurring in 12 of 19 infants (63%). Initial testing for COVID-19 was negative in 4 of the 19 neonates (21%) who subsequently became positive. In 2 cases, neonates tested positive at 1 and 2 h after birth which was suspicious for vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2.

Conclusions

These cases have notable variation in the epidemiology, clinical features, results of testing and clinical outcomes among the infected newborns. Neonates initially testing negative for COVID-19 may require readmission due to infection. Two neonates were highly suspicious for intrauterine vertical transmission. Repeat testing of neonates who initially test negative for COVID-19 is recommended, without which 21% of neonatal infections would have been undiagnosed.

Keywords:

• COVID-19
• neonatal infection
• vertical transmission
• coronavirus pregnancy
• Iran
• SARS-CoV-2

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to deeply express our appreciation to esteemed staff and our dear colleagues in different division at Imam Sajad Shahriar Hospital regarding their outstanding support towards successful management of our patients. For patient consultation we would like to acknowledge and thank Drs. Dehghan, Sagheb, Boskabadi, Moghimi, Farsi, Farhadi, Golami, Marzban, Farhat, Heydarzadeh, Pajoohandeh, and Fuladinezhad. Our special thanks go to Dr. Marashi, Mrs. Noghanchi, Mrs. Sadeghiani, Ms. Pakdelan, Mrs. Amanzadeh, Mrs. Gholamali, Mrs. Doosti, Mrs. Biglari, Mrs. Aghajanpoor, Ms. Kokabi, Mrs. Ahmadzadeh, Ms. Kardan, Dr. Azizahari, Dr. Shahhoseini, Dr. Karimi.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).