Pain-related changes in crSO₂ among premature infants undergoing PICC insertion

Figures & data

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the study participants.

Variables	All participants (n = 48)	GA ≥ 32 weeks (n = 15)	GA < 32 weeks (n = 33)
Gestational age (weeks)	31.4 ± 2.2	34.0 ± 1.8	30.3 ± 1.1
Birth weight (g)	1294 ± 163	1305 ± 166	1290 ± 165
Age at PICC insertion (h)	52.6 ± 16.7	48.8 ± 21.3	54.3 ± 14.3
Weight at PICC insertion (g)	1208 ± 163	1215 ± 155	1205 ± 168
Male (n, %)	21(43.8)	5(33.3)	16(48.5)
Apgar score 1 min	7.5 ± 2.2	8.4 ± 1.3	7.1 ± 2.4
Apgar score 5 min	8.5 ± 1.6	8.9 ± 1.6	8.3 ± 1.7
FiO2 (%)	21.7 ± 1.7	21.1 ± 0.3	22.0 ± 2.0
Invasive ventilation (n, %)	2(4.2)	0	2(6.0)
Noninvasive ventilation (n, %)	46(95.8)	15(100)	31(93.9)
PDA (n, %)	8(16.7)	3(20.0)	5(15.2)

Note: GA: gestational age; FiO₂: fraction of inspired oxygen; PDA: patent ductus arteriosus.

Table 2. PIPP scores before, during, and after PICC insertion.

Time	All participants (n = 48)	GA ≥ 32 weeks (n = 15)	GA < 32 weeks (n = 33)	P value
Time 1	4 (4, 5) *	4 (4, 4) *	4 (4, 5) *	0.180 ^b
Time 2	12 (11,13)	11 (11, 13)	12 (11, 13)	0.926 ^b
Time 3	5 (4, 5) ^#	5 (4, 5) ^#	5 (4, 5) ^#	0.241 ^b
P value	< 0.001 ^a	< 0.001 ^a	< 0.001 ^a	\

Note: GA: gestational age. ^a was the intergroup comparison between time 1, time 2, and time 3; * was time 1 compared with time 2, p < .05; ^# was time 3 compared with time 2, p < .05; ^b was the intergroup comparison between GA ≥ 32 weeks and GA < 32 weeks.

Figure 1. Vital parameters before, during, and after PICC insertion.

***P < .001 between time 1 and time 2 in the three groups, respectively; ^###P < .001 between time 2 and time 3 in the three groups, respectively; *P < .05 between time 1 and time 2 in all infants group and gestational age < 32 weeks group.

Data availability statement

The data used in this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.