Investigation of maternal serum endocan concentrations in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus; a prospective case-control study

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographic characteristics of the GDM and control groups.

		Control group (n = 80)	GDM group (n = 80)
		Mean ± SD Median (Min–Max)	Mean ± SD Median (Min–Max)	p-Value
Age (years)		27.94 ± 4.91	29.43 ± 4.92
		28 (18–38)	28.5 (20–39)	0.057*
BMI at sampling (kg/m^2)		26.37 ± 3.99	27.03 ± 4.86
		25 (19.8 − 38.4)	25 (19.9 − 42.6)	0.738**
Gravida		2.39 ± 1.41	2.66 ± 1.64
		2 (1–7)	2 (1–9)	0.320**
		n (%)	n (%)
Parity	Nulliparous	34 (42.5)	29 (36.3)
	Multiparous	46 (57.5)	51 (63.7)	0.418***

*Student T Test; **Man Whitney U Test; ***Chi-Square test; BMI: body mass index.

Table 2. Comparison of GDM and control groups in terms of laboratory findings.

	Control group (n = 80)	GDM group (n = 80)
	Mean ± SD Median (Min–Max)	Mean ± SD Median (Min–Max)	p-Value
75 g OGTT fasting blood glucose level (mg/dL)
	78.04 ± 5.56	87.99 ± 10.32	0.001*
	78 (66–89)	89 (67–115)
75 g OGTT 1st-hour blood glucose level (mg/dL)
	122.2 ± 25.6	162.27 ± 30.29	0.001*
	120.5 (75–167)	172 (83–221)
75 g OGTT 2nd-hour blood glucose level (mg/dL)
	99.91 ± 18.6	130.86 ± 32.2	0.001*
	97.5 (60–147)	132.5 (64–237)
Fasting insulin (µu/mL)	14.4 ± 22.49	13.40 ± 13.65	0.037*
	8.2 (3.1–171)	10.2 (2–116)
HOMA-IR	3.27 ± 7.73	2.92 ± 4.86	0.014*
	1.2 (0.3–63)	1.8 (0.2–40.9)
HbA1c (%)	4.95 ± 0.39	5.19 ± 0.44	0.001**
	5 (3.8–6)	5.2 (4–6.3)

*Man Whitney U test; **Student T Test; OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test; HOMA IR: homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c.

Bold values are statistically significant at p < 0.05.

Table 3. Comparison of GDM and control groups in terms of perinatal outcomes.

		Control group (n = 80)	GDM group (n = 80)
		Mean ± SD Median (Min–Max)	Mean ± SD Median (Min–Max)	p-Value
Gestational age at delivery (weeks)		38.31 ± 1.01	38.17 ± 1.1
		38.7 (37–41)	38.4 (37–41)	0.266*
Birth weight (g)		3254.88 ± 319.97	3476.63 ± 444.06
		3295 (2910–3950)	3420 (2995 − 5055)	0.472**
Birth height (cm)		49.39 ± 2.8	49.61 ± 2.95
		50 (47–54)	50 (47–57)	0.765*
1st minute Apgar score		7.99 ± 1.14	7.81 ± 0.98
		8 (2–9)	8 (4–9)	0.110*
5th minute Apgar score		9.20 ± 0.88	9.12 ± 0.74
		9 (4–10)	8 (4–9)	0.309*
		n (%)	n (%)
Mode of delivery	Vaginal birth	51 (63.7)	40 (50)
	Cesarean section	29 (36.3)	40 (50)	0.079***
NICU admission		18 (22.5)	24 (30)	0.281***

*Man Whitney U test; **Student T Test; ***Chi-Square test; NICU: neonatal intensive care unit.

Table 4. Comparison of GDM and control groups in terms of the gestational week at blood sampling and maternal serum endocan concentrations.

	Control group (n = 80)	GDM group (n = 80)
	Mean ± SD Median (Min–Max)	Mean ± SD Median (Min–Max)	p-Value
Gestational week at blood sampling	25.75 ± 1.44	25.93 ± 1.48
	25.8 (24–28.9)	26 (24–28.9)	0.373
Endocan (ng/L)	605.25 ± 375.76	712. 59 ± 419.12
	467 (169–1865)	498 (265–1987)	0.024

Student T test.

Bold values are statistically significant at p < 0.05.

Table 5. Comparison of the control group with normal weight, control group with overweight, GDM group with normal weight, and GDM group with overweight in terms of BMI, gestational week at blood sampling, and maternal serum endocan concentrations.

	Control group normal weight (n = 40)	Control group overweight (n = 40)	GDM group normal weight (n = 40)	GDM group overweight (n = 40)	p-Value
	Mean ± SD Median (Min–Max)	Mean ± SD Median (Min–Max)	Mean ± SD Median (Min–Max)	Mean ± SD Median (Min–Max)
BMI at blood sampling					0.001
					0.001^a
	23.36 ± 1.41	29.38 ± 3.43	23.34 ± 1.34	30.72 ± 4.27	1.000^b
	23.7 (19.8–24.9)	29 (25–38.4)	23.9 (19.9–24.9)	29.4 (25–42.6)	0.001^c
					0.001^d
					1.000^e
					1.000^f
Gestational week at blood sampling					0.030
					0.867^a
	25.53 ± 1.40	25.97 ± 1.45	26.33 ± 1.40	25.54 ± 1.46	0.010^b
	25.5 (24–28.6)	26 (24–28.9)	26.4 (24–28.9)	25 (24–28.3)	1.000^c
					1.000^d
					1.000^e
					0.014^f
Endocan (ng/L)	576.3 ± 318.03	634.2 ± 427.96	713.35 ± 419.63	711.83 ± 423.95	0.157
	467.5 (246–1612)	467 (169–1865)	497 (265–1687)	513 (282–1987)

Kruskal Wallis Test; Post hoc evaluation was performed when statistical significance was determined between the groups.

‘a’ represents the statistical difference between the control group with normal weight and the control group with overweight.

‘b’ represents the statistical difference between the control group with normal weight and the GDM group with normal weight.

‘c’ represents the statistical difference between the control group with normal weight and the GDM group with overweight.

‘d’ represents the statistical difference between the control group with overweight and the GDM group with normal weight.

‘e’ represents the statistical difference between the control group with overweight and the GDM group with overweight.

‘f’ represents the statistical difference between the GDM group with normal weight and the GDM group with overweight.

Bold values are statistically significant at p < 0.05.

Figure 1. Maternal serum endocan concentrations of the control and the GDM groups.

Figure 2. Maternal serum endocan concentrations of the control group with normal weight, the control group with overweight, the GDM group with normal weight, and the GDM group with overweight.

Table 6. Correlation between maternal serum endocan concentrations and GDM-related parameters.

	r	p
Age (Years)	0.060	.596
BMI (kg/m^2)	−0.079	.484
Parity (n)	−0.062	.583
75 g OGTT fasting blood glucose level (mg/dL)	0.123	.278
75 gr OGTT 1st-hour blood glucose level(mg/dL)	−0.041	.718
75 g OGTT2nd-hour blood glucose level (mg/dL)	0.090	.436
Fasting insulin (µu/mL)	−0.027	.814
HOMA-IR	0.061	.592
HbA1c (%)	0.174	.124
Birth weight (g)	−0.213	.058

Pearson correlation.

Figure 3. ROC analysis for sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value of maternal serum endocan in GDM.

Data availability statement

Data supporting the findings of this study is available via the OSFHOME data repository with the 10.17605/OSF.IO/QBPE2 DOI identifier.