Unpacking the global apprenticeship agenda: a comparative synthesis of literature from international organisations in the education policy field

Figures & data

Table 1. Summary of document selection process.

	EU	ILO	OECD	UNESCO	World Bank
Databases searched	Cedefop publications database & policy documents and studies database ETF publications database European Commission publications database Skills Panorama resources database	ILO publications database	OECD iLibrary	UNESCDOC Digital Library UNESCO-UNEVOC publications database	World Bank research and publications database
Publications, key word search	831	407	115	119	322
Filter 1
Publications retained	56	36	37	14	9
Filter 2
Publications retained, total	38	23	30	6	4
By year    Pre-2009	0	0	1	1	0
2009–2012	5	6	12	2	1
2013–2016	17	5	7	3	1
2017–2020	16	12	10	0	2
Purposive sample
Selected publications, n	10	10	10	6	4
Selected publications, citations	EU01 (Cedefop 2014a) EU02 (Cedefop 2014b) EU03 (Cedefop 2015) EU04 (Cedefop 2018a) EU05 (Cedefop 2020a) EU06 (Cedefop 2020b) EU07 (Cedefop and ETF 2018) EU08 (Cedefop and ETF 2020) EU09 (European Commission 2012) EU10 (European Commission 2015)	ILO01 (Aggarwal 2020) ILO02(Axmann and Hofmann 2013b) ILO03 (ILO 2012) ILO04 (ILO 2017) ILO05 (ILO 2018) ILO06 (ILO 2019a) ILO07 (ILO 2019b) ILO08 (ILO 2020) ILO09 (ILO and OECD 2014) ILO10 (Steedman 2012)	OECD01 (Bajgar and Criscuolo 2016) OECD02 (Jeon 2019) OECD03 (OECD 2010) OECD04 (OECD 2012) OECD05 (OECD 2014) OECD06 (OECD 2015) OECD07 (OECD 2016) OECD08 (OECD 2018) OECD09 (OECD and ILO 2011) OECD10 (OECD and ILO 2011)	UNESCO01 (Molz 2015) UNESCO02 (Subrahmanyam 2013) UNESCO03 (UIS and UNESCO-UNEVOC 2006) UNESCO04 (UNESCO 2012) UNESCO05(UNESCO 2016) UNESCO06 (UNESCO-UNEVOC 2010)	WB01 (Sanchez et al. 2015) WB02 (World Bank 2012) WB03 (World Bank 2017) WB04 (World Bank 2018)

Cedefop. 2014a. Developing Apprenticeships: Briefing Note. Thessaloniki, Greece: Cedefop.

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Cedefop. 2014b. Skillset and Match (Cedefop’s Magazine Promoting Learning for Work) – September 2014 Issue 2. https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/en/publications-and-resources/publications/9090.

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Cedefop. 2015. Stronger VET for Better Lives: Cedefop’s Monitoring Report on Vocational Education and Training Policies 2010–14. Thessaloniki, Greece: Cedefop.

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Cedefop. 2018a. Apprenticeship Schemes in European Countries: A Cross-Nation Overview. Thessaloniki, Greece: Cedefop.

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Cedefop. 2020a. “Enhancing European Cooperation in VET: Outcomes of the Riga Cycle.” In Progress in Common Priorities for 2015-20: Final Report. Thessaloniki, Greece: Cedefop.

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Cedefop. 2020b. Skillset and Match (Cedefop's Magazine Promoting Learning at Work) - January 2020 Issue 18. https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/files/9142_en.pdf.

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Cedefop and ETF. 2018. European Cooperation in VET: One Process, Many Stops - Developments in Vocational Education and Training Policy 2015–17. Thessaloniki, Greece: Cedefop.

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Cedefop and ETF. 2020. The Importance of Being Vocational: Challenges and Opportunities for VET in the Next Decade. Thessaloniki, Greece: Cedefop.

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European Commission. 2012. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: Moving Youth Into Employment. Brussels, Belgium: European Commission.

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European Commission. 2015. High-Performance Apprenticeships and Work-Based Learning: 20 Guiding Principles. Brussels, Belgium: European Commission.

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Aggarwal, Ashwani. 2020. ILO Toolkit for Quality Apprenticeships, Volume 2: Guide for Practitioners. Geneva, Switzerland: ILO.

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Axmann, Michael, and Christine Hofmann. 2013b. Overcoming the Work Inexperience Gap Through Quality Apprenticeships – The ILO’s Contribution. Geneva, Switzerland: ILO.

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ILO. 2012. Key Elements of Quality Apprenticeships. Geneva, Switzerland: ILO.

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ILO. 2017. ILO Toolkit for Quality Apprenticeships, Volume 1: Guide for Policy Makers. Geneva, Switzerland: ILO.

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ILO. 2018. Making Apprenticeships and Workplace Learning Inclusive of Persons with Disabilities. Geneva, Switzerland: ILO.

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ILO. 2019a. Measuring the Costs and Benefits of Apprenticeship Training. Geneva, Switzerland: ILO.

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ILO. 2019b. Quality Apprenticeships: Addressing Skills Mismatch and Youth Unemployment. Geneva, Switzerland: ILO.

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ILO. 2020. Preventing Exclusion from the Labour Market: Tackling the COVID-19 Youth Employment Crisis. Geneva, Switzerland: ILO.

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ILO and OECD. 2014. Promoting Better Labour Market Outcomes for Youth: Report on Youth Employment and Apprenticeships Prepared for the G20 Labour and Employment Ministerial Meeting Melbourne, Australia. Paris, France: OECD Publishing.

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Steedman, Hilary. 2012. Overview of Apprenticeship Systems and Issues: ILO Contribution to the G20 Task Force on Employment. Geneva, Switzerland: ILO.

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Bajgar, Matej, and Chiara Criscuolo. 2016. OECD Evaluation Framework for Modern Apprenticeships in Scotland. Paris, France: OECD Publishing.

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Jeon, Shinyoung. 2019. “Unlocking the Potential of Migrants Through Vocational Education and Training: Cross-Country Analysis.” In OECD Reviews of Vocational Education and Training. Paris, France: OECD Publishing.

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OECD. 2010. Learning for Jobs, OECD Reviews of Vocational Education and Training. Paris, France: OECD Publishing.

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OECD. 2012. OECD Note on ‘Quality Apprenticeships’ for the G20 Task Force on Employment. Paris, France: OECD Publishing.

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OECD. 2014. “Background Paper Prepared by the OECD.” In Paper Prepared for the G20-OECD-EC Conference on Quality Apprenticeships for Giving Youth a Better Start in the Labour Market. Paris, France: OECD Publishing.

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OECD. 2015. OECD Skills Outlook 2015: Youth, Skills and Employability. Paris, France: OECD Publishing.

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OECD. 2016. Job Creation and Local Economic Development 2016. Paris, France: OECD Publishing.

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OECD. 2018. “Seven Questions About Apprenticeships: Answers from International Experience.” In OECD Reviews of Vocational Education and Training. Paris, France: OECD Publishing.

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OECD and ILO. 2011. Giving Youth a Better Start: A Policy Note for the G20 Meeting of Labour and Employment Ministers - Paris, 26–27 September 2011. Paris, France: OECD Publishing.

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Molz, A. 2015. Delivering TVET Through Quality Apprenticeships: Report of the UNESCO-UNEVOC Virtual Conference. Bonn, Germany: UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training.

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Subrahmanyam, Gita. 2013. Tackling Youth Unemployment Through TVET: Report of the UNESCO-UNEVOC Online Conference, 25 June to 9 July 2013. Bonn, Germany: UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training.

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UIS and UNESCO-UNEVOC. 2006. Participation in Formal TVET Programmes Worldwide: An Initial Statistical Study. Bonn, Germany: UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training.

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UNESCO. 2012. Youth and Skills: Education for All Global Monitoring Report. Paris, France: UNESCO.

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UNESCO. 2016. Recommendation Concerning Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET), 2015. Paris, France: UNESCO.

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UNESCO-UNEVOC. 2010. International Conference: Reorienting TVET Policy Towards Education for Sustainable Development – Final Report. Bonn, Germany: UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training.

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Sanchez, Puerta, Maria Laura, David A Robalino, Victoria Strokova, Nick Lord, and Mathilde Marie Anne Perinet. 2015. Skills and Jobs: Lessons Learned and Options for Collaboration. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank.

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World Bank. 2017. Poland Catching-Up Regions: Strengthening the Implementation of Work-Based Learning. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank.

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