Allotropic forms of carbon in the Invar Fe–Ni–C alloy before and after plastic deformation by upsetting

Abstract

The effect of cold plastic deformation by upsetting (e = 1.13) on structure and hybridised bonds of carbon in the fcc Invar Fe-30.9%Ni-1.23% C alloy was studied by means of X-ray phase analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Carbon precipitates along grain boundaries and inside of grains in the alloy after annealing and plastic deformation were revealed. The presence of mainly sp²- and sp³-hybridised C–C bonds attributing to graphite and amorphous carbon as well as the carbon bonds with impurity atoms and metallic Fe and Ni atoms in austenitic phase were revealed in the annealed and deformed alloy. It was shown for the first time that plastic deformation of the alloy results in partial destruction of the graphite crystal structure, increasing the relative part of amorphous carbon, and redistribution of carbon between structural elements as well as in a solid solution of austenitic phase.

Keywords:

• Invar
• structure
• plastic deformation
• photoelectron spectra
• C–C bonds
• hybridisation

Acknowledgement

The authors express gratitude to Dr. of Sci. O.D. Rud’ giving amorphous carbon for measurements and V.P. Zalutskiy for conducting X-ray diffraction measurements.