Barrier identification and prioritisation for the deployment of solar photovoltaic systems in dairy farming in India using the ISM–MICMAC approach

Figures & data

Figure 1. Potential applications of deployment of solar PV systems in dairy farming (Desai Deepak et al. 2013).

Table 1. Barrier identification of solar PV System deployment in dairy farming (Padmanathan et al 2021; The Energy Progress Report Tracking SDG 7 2020; Chatterjee et al. 2019; El-houari et al. 2019; Ahmed et al. 2019; Renewables 2019 global status report 2021; Garlet et al. 2019; Hernández-Callejo, Gallardo-Saavedra, and Alonso-Gómez 2019; Peimani 2018; Shahsavari and Akbari 2018; Alexandros and Vassilis 2020; Horváth and Szabó 2018; La Camera 2018; Masson and Kaizuka 2019; Serafeim et al. 2019; Kevin et al. 2018; Aly et al. 2019; Sindhu, Nehra, and Luthra 2017; Sindhu et al. 2017; Jordan and Kurtz 2021; Yenneti 2016; Khoury et al. 2016; Kannan and Vakeesan 2018; Novacheck and Johnson 2015; Almasoud and Gandayh Hatim 2015; Rachchh, Manoj, and Tripathi 2016; Kapoor 2014; Vijay and Mansoor 2013; Strielkowski et al. 2019; REN-21 2020; Alireza and Nwaoha 2013; Khatib, Mohamed, and Sopian 2013; Mekhilef, Saidur, and Safari 2011; Timilsina, Kurdgelashvili, and Narbel 2011; Byrnes and Brown 2020; Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit 2021; Parida, Iniyan, and Goic 2011; Dutzik et al. 2021; Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission towards Building Solar India 2010; Painuly, J. P. et al. 2002, van Campen, guldi, and best 2000).

S. No.	Barriers	Barriers Ellipsis
1.	High Initial Capital Cost of the Solar PV System	B1
2.	Long Payback Period	B2
3.	Issues of Finance Mechanism	B3
4.	Lack of Awareness of Technology	B4
5.	Market Uncertainty	B5
6.	Storage Device Barriers	B6
7.	Lack of Solar Irradiations Data	B7
8.	Issues of Security and Safety Implication	B8
9.	Low Efficiency and Issues of Reliability	B9
10.	Lack of Research and Development	B10
11.	Lack of Skilled Human Resources	B11
12.	Lack of Local Infrastructure	B12
13.	Policy and Regulatory Issues	B13
14.	Fewer concerns about Ecological and Environmental Issues	B14
15.	Lack of Entrepreneurs and Innovations in Rural	B15
16.	Hindrances of Societal Acceptance	B16
17.	The dominance of Fossil Fuel Power Generation	B17
18.	Less Education and Weak Affordability in Rural	B18

Figure 2. Installed solar PV power in India and capital cost (Ohunakin et al. 2014).

Table 2. Photovoltaic cells’ critical features (Agbonifo 2021).

S. No.	Materials	Type of PV	Efficiency	Production method	Strength	Weakness
1.	Si	Mono-crystalline	16% and 25%.	Single crystal growth method	97% production	high cost
2.	ASi	Multi-crystalline (amorphous silicon)	14-18%	Cast solidification process	Less expensive	LESS efficiency
3.	GaAs	III-V compound semiconductor PV cells	40% and more	GaAs on the Ge substrates	High efficiency	High cost
4.	Cadmium Telluride (CdTe), and Copper-Indium-(Gallium)-Diselenide	thin film	4-7%	Depositing extremely thin layers of PV semiconductor materials	Less expensive	Extremely low efficiency

Figure 3. Various factors effects reliability of solar PV SYSTEMS (Mekhilef, Saidur, and Safari 2011).

Figure 4. Flowchart of ISM for contextual relations between barriers using ISM methodology rules (Punia Sindhu, Nehra, and Luthra 2016; Fahim et al. 2019; https://powermin.gov.in/en/content/power-sector-glance-all-india).

Table 3. Self-structural interaction matrix of barriers.

S. No.	Barriers	B18	B17	B16	B15	B14	B13	B12	B11	B10	B9	B8	B7	B6	B5	B4	B3	B2
1.	High Initial Capital Cost of the Solar PV System	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{X}$	$\mathrm{X}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{A}$	A	A	$\mathrm{V}$	A	$\mathrm{V}$
2.	Long Payback Period	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{O}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{X}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{A}$
3.	Issues of the Finance Mechanism	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{V}$	A	$\mathrm{X}$	$\mathrm{V}$
4.	Lack of Awareness of Technology	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{X}$	$\mathrm{X}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{X}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{A}$
5.	Market Uncertainty	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{X}$	$\mathrm{X}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{O}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{A}$
6.	Storage Device Barriers	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{X}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{O}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{A}$
7.	Lack of Solar Irradiations Data	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{O}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{V}$
8.	Issues of Security and Safety Implication	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{V}$	O	$\mathrm{O}$	$\mathrm{X}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{O}$
9.	Low Efficiency and Issues of Reliability	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{O}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{A}$
10.	Lack of Research and Development	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{V}$
11.	Lack of Skilled Human Resources	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{A}$
12.	Lack of Local Infrastructure	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{A}$
13.	Policy and Regulatory Issues	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{V}$	$\mathrm{V}$
14.	Fewer concerns about Ecological and Environmental Issues	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{A}$
15.	Lack of Entrepreneurs and Innovations in Rural	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{A}$
16.	Hindrances of Societal Acceptance	$\mathrm{A}$	$\mathrm{A}$
17.	The dominance of Fossil Fuel Power Generation	$\mathrm{A}$
18.	Less Education and Weak Affordability in Rural

Table 4. Initial reachability matrix of barriers

Name of Barriers	B1	B2	B3	B4	B5	B6	B7	B8	B9	B10	B11	B12	B13	B14	B15	B16	B17	B18
High Initial Capital Cost of the Solar PV System (B1)	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	0	0
Long Payback Period (B2)	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	0
Issues of Finance Mechanism (B3)	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	0
Lack of Awareness of Technology (B4)	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0
Market Uncertainty (B5)	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	0	0
Storage Device Barriers (B6)	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	0
Lack of Solar Irradiations Data (B7)	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	0
Issues of Security and Safety Implication (B8)	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	0	0
Low Efficiency and Issues of Reliability (B9)	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	0
Lack of Research and Development (B10)	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	1	1	1	0	0
Lack of Skilled Human Resources (B11)	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0
Lack of Local Infrastructure (B12)	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	0
Policy and Regulatory Issues (B13)	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Fewer concerns about Ecological and Environmental Issues (B14)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0
Lack of Entrepreneurs and Innovations in Rural (B15)	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	0
Hindrances of Societal Acceptance (B16)	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0
The dominance of Fossil Fuel Power Generation (B17)	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	0
Less Education and Weak Affordability in Rural (B18)	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1

Table 5. Final reachability matrix of barriers (* represent transistivity relation among barriers)

Name of barriers	B1	B2	B3	B4	B5	B6	B7	B8	B9	B10	B11	B12	B13	B14	B15	B16	B17	B18	Driving Forces
High Initial Capital Cost of the Solar PV System (B1)	1	1	1*	1	1*	0	1*	1	1*	1*	1	1*	1	1	1	1	1*	1*	17
Long Payback Period (B2)	1*	1	1*	1*	1*	1*	1*	1*	1*	1	1*	1*	1	1	1	1	1*	1*	18
Issues of Finance Mechanism (B3)	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	13
Lack of Awareness of Technology (B4)	1*	1	0	1	1*	1*	1*	1	1*	1*	1*	0	1*	1	1	1	0	0	14
Market Uncertainty (B5)	1	1	1	1	1	0	1*	1*	1*	1*	1	0	1*	1	1	1	0	0	14
Storage Devices Barriers (B6)	1	1	1	1	1	1	1*	1	1	1*	1	1*	1	1	1	1	1	1*	18
Lack of Solar Irradiations Data (B7)	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1*	1*	1*	1	1	1	1	1*	1*	17
Issues of Security and Safety Implication (B8)	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1*	1	0	1*	1	1	1	0	0	09
Low Efficiency and Issues of Reliability (B9)	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	1*	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	12
Lack of Research and Development (B10)	1	1	1*	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1*	1	1	1	1*	0	16
Lack of Skilled Human Resources (B11)	1	1	1*	1	0	0	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	1*	1	0	0	11
Lack of Local Infrastructure (B12)	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	1*	0	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	11
Policy and Regulatory Issues (B13)	1*	1*	1	1	1	1*	1	1*	1*	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	18
Fewer concerns for Ecological and Environmental Issues (B14)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	01
Lack of Entrepreneurs and Innovations in Rural (B15)	1	1*	0	1	1	0	0	1*	0	0	1	0	1*	1	1	1*	0	0	10
Hindrances of Societal Acceptance (B16)	1	1*	0	1	1	0	0	1*	0	0	1*	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	09
Dominance of Fossil Fuel Power Generation (B17)	1	1*	1	1	1	1	1	1	1*	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	0	16
Less Education and Weak Affordability in Rural (B18)	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	17
Dependent Forces	16	17	11	17	15	08	12	17	12	13	16	09	11	18	17	17	09	06	251/251

Table 6. Ranking of barriers using level partitioning (level 1).

Barriers	Reachability Sets	Antecedent Sets	Intersection Sets	Rank
B1	1,2,3,4,5,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9,10,11,12,13,15,16,17,18	1,2,3,4,5,7,9,10,11,12,13,15,16,17,18
B2	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,15,16,17,18	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,15,16,17,18
B3	1,2,3,4,5,7,8,10,11,12,14,15,16	1,2,3,4,5,9,10,11,13,17,18	1,2,3,4,5,10,11
B4	1,2,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,13,14,15,16	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,15,16,17,18	1,2,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,13,15,16
B5	1,2,3,4,5,7,8,9,10,11,13,14,15,16	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,12,13,15,16,17,18	1,2,3,4,5,7,8,9,10,11,13,15, 16
B6	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18	2,4,6,7,10,13,17,18	2,4,6,7,10,13,17,18
B7	1,2,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,10, 11,17,18	1,2,4,5,6,7,10,11,17,18
B8	2,4,8,10,11,13,14,15,16	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,15,16,17,18	2,4,8,10, 11,13,15,16
B9	1,2,3,4,5,8,9,13,14,15,16,17	1,2,4,5,6,7,9,10,11,13,16,17	1,2,4,5,9,13,17
B10	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,13,14,15,16,17	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,10,12,13,17,18	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,10, 13,17
B11	1,2,3,4,7,8,9,11,14,15,16	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,10,11,12,13,15	1,2,3,4,7,8,11,15
B12	1,2,4,5,8,10,11,12,14,15,16	1,2,3,6,7,12,13,17	1,2,12
B13	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18	1,2,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,13,15	1,2,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,13,15
B14	14	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18	14	1st
B15	1,2,4,5,8,11,13,14,15,16	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,15,16,17,18	1,2,4,5,8,11,13,15,16
B16	1,2,4,5,8,11,14,15,16	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,15,16,17,18	1,2,4,5,8,11,15,16
B17.	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,14,15,16,17	1,2,6,7,9,10,13,17,18	1,2,6,7,9,10,17
B18.	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,14,15,16,17,18	1,2,6,7,13,18	1,2,6,7,18

Table 7. Ranking of barriers using level partitioning (level 2).

S. No.	Reachability Sets	Antecedent Sets	Intersection Sets	Levels
1	1,2,3,4,5,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,15,16,17,18	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9,10,11,12,13,15,16,17,18	1,2,3,4,5,7,9,10,11,12,13,15,16,17,18
2	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,,15,16,17,18	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,15,16,17,18	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,15,16,17,18
3	1,2,3,4,5,7,8,10,11,12,,15,16	1,2,3,4,5,9,10,11,13,17,18	1,2,3,4,5,10,11
4	1,2,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,13,,15,16	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,15,16,17,18	1,2,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,13,15,16	2nd
5	1,2,3,4,5,7,8,9,10,11,13,,15,16	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,12,13,15,16,17,18	1,2,3,4,5,7,8,9,10,11, 13,15,16
6	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,,15,16,17,18	2,4,6,7,10,13,17,18	2,4,6,7,10,13,17,18
7	1,2,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,,15,16,17,18	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,10,11,17,18	1,2,4,5,6,7,10,11,17,18
8	2,4,8,10,11,13,,15,16	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,15,16,17,18	2,4,8,10,11,13,15,16	2nd
9	1,2,3,4,5,8, 9,13,,15,16,17	1,2,4,5,6,7,9,10,11,13,16,17	1,2,4,5,9,13,17
10	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,13,,15,16,17	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,10,12,13,17,18	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,10,13,17
11	1,2,3,4,7,8,9,11,,15,16	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,10,11,12,13,15	1,2,3,4,7,8,11,15
12	1,2,4,5,8,10,11,12,,15,16	1,2,3,6,7,12,13,17	1,2,12
13	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,,15,16,17,18	1,2,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,13,15	1,2,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,13,15
15	1,2,4,5,8,11,13,,15,16	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,15,16,17,18	1,2,4,5,8,11,13,15,16	2nd
16	1,2,4,5,8,11,,15,16	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,15,16,17,18	1,2,4,5,8,11,15,16	2nd
17.	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,,15,16,17	1,2,6,7,9,10,13,17,18	1,2,6,7,9,10,17
18.	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,,15,16,17,18	1,2,6,7,13,18	1,2,6,7,18

Table 8. Ranking of barriers using level partitioning (level 3).

S. No.	Reachability Sets	Antecedent Sets	Intersection Sets	Levels
1	12,17,18	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9,10,11,12,13,15,16,17,18	12,17,18	3rd
2	3,,12,17,18	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,15,16,17,18	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,15,16,17,18	3rd
3	3,12,	1,2,3,4,5,9,10,11,13,17,18	1,2,3,4,5,10,11
5	,3,	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,12,13,15,16,17,18	1,2,3,4,5,7,8,9,10,11,13,15,16	3rd
6	3,12,17,18	2,4,6,7,10,13,17,18	2,4,6,7,10,13,17,18
7	12,17,18	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,10,11,17,18	1,2,4,5,6,7,10,11,17,18
9	3,,17	1,2,4,5, 6, 7,9,1,0,11,13,16,17	1,2,4,5,9, 13,17
10	3,17	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,10,12, 13, 17,18	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,10, 13, 17	3rd
11	3,	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,10,11,12,13,15	1,2,3,4,7,8,11,15	3rd
12	12,14,15,16	1,2,3,6,7,12,13,17	1,2,12
13	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,15,16,17,18	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,13,15	1,2,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,13,15	3rd
17.	,3,12,,17	1,2,6,7,9,10,13,17,18	1,2,6,7,9,10,17
18.	3,12,,17,18	1,2,6,7,13,18	1,2,6,7,18

Table 9. Details of ranking of barriers using level partitioning

S. No.	Reachability Set	Antecedent Set	Intersection Set	Level
1	3,12,17,18	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9,10,11,12,13,15,16,17,18	1,2,3,4,5,7,9,10,11,12,13,15,16,17,18	3rd
2	3,12,17,18	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,15,16,17,18	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,15,16,17,18	3rd
3	3,	1,2,3,4,5,9,10,11,13,17,18	1,2,3,4,5,10,11	4th
4	1,2,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,13,15,16	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,15,16,17,18	1,2,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,13,15,16	2nd
5	,3,	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,12,13,15,16,17,18	1,2,3,4,5,7,8,9,10,11,13,15,16	3rd
6		2,4,6,7,10,13,17,18	2,4,6,7,10,13,17,18	4th
7		1,2,3,4,5,6,7,10,11,17,18	1,2,4,5,6,7,10,11,17,18	4th
8	2,4,8,10, 11, 13,15,16	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,15,16,17,18	2,4,8,10, 11, 13,15,16	2nd
9		1,2,4,5, 6, 7,9,1,0,11,13,16,17	1,2,4,5,9, 13,17	4th
10	3,17	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,10,12, 13, 17,18	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,10, 13, 17	3rd
11	3,	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,10,11,12,13,15	1,2,3,4,7,8,11,15	3rd
12	12,14,15,16	1,2,3,6,7,12,13,17	1,2,12	5th
13	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,,15,16,17,18	1,2,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,13,15	1,2,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,13,15	3rd
14		1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,,15,16,17,18		1st
15	1,2,4,5,8,11,13,15,16	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,15,16,17,18	1,2,4,5,8,11,13,15,16	2nd
16	1,2,4,5,8,11,,15,16	1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,15,16,17,18	1,2,4,5,8,11,15,16	2nd
17.	,3	1,2,6,7,9,10,13,17,18	1,2,6,7,9,10,17	4th
18.		1,2,6,7,13,18	1,2,6,7,18	4th

Figure 5. ISM-based diagraph structural model

Table 10. Categorisation of barriers [Hernández-Callejo, Gallardo-Saavedra, and Alonso-Gómez 2019; Horváth and Szabó 2018]

S.No.	Barriers	Briefs about types of barriers
1.	Autonomous barrier	Barrier incorporates weak dependence power and driving power. It is comparatively incoherent from the system, and these barriers have a few associations that can be exceptionally strong.
2.	Linkage Barrier	The barrier has both strong dependence and driving power. These factors are unstable. Action on this barrier would have a consequence on others and also feedback affects itself.
3.	Dependent Barrier	The barrier has dominant dependence power and low driving power.
4.	Independent Barrier	The barrier comprises dominant deriving power and miniature dependence power. It is known as a key barrier.

Figure 6. Types of barriers based on MICMAC analysis.

Table 11. Type of barriers based on MICMAC analysis.

Barriers to SPV deployment in dairy farming	Dependent forces	Driving forces	Types of barrier
High Initial Capital Cost of the Solar PV System (B1)	16	17	Linkage
Long Payback Period (B2)	17	18	Linkage
Issues of Finance Mechanism (B3)	11	13	Linkage
Lack of Awareness of Technology (B4)	17	14	Linkage
Market Uncertainty (B5)	15	14	Linkage
Storage Device Barriers (B6)	08	18	Independent
Lack of Solar Irradiations Data (B7)	12	17	Linkage
Issues of Security and Safety Implication (B8)	17	09	Dependent
Low Efficiency and Issues of Reliability (B9)	12	12	Linkage
Lack of Research and Development (B10)	13	16	Linkage
Lack of Skilled Human Resources (B11)	16	11	Linkage
Lack of Local Infrastructure (B12)	09	11	Independent
Policy and Regulatory Issues (B13)	11	18	Linkage
Fewer concerns about Ecological and Environmental Issues (B14)	18	01	Dependent
Lack of Entrepreneurs and Innovations in Rural (B15)	17	10	Linkage
Hindrances of Societal Acceptance (B16)	17	09	Dependent
The dominance of Fossil Fuel Power Generation (B17)	09	16	Independent
Less Education and Weak Affordability in Rural (B18)	06	17	Independent

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