An exhaustive experimental evaluation on the effects of using Jatropha biodiesel as an admixture in a DI diesel engine powered by waste plastic fuel

Figures & data

Table 1. Methodology & instrument utilised.

Properties	Testing method	Instrument utilised
Specific Gravity	‘IP 59/82’	‘Westpal Balance’
Viscosity	‘ASTM D2270’	‘Redwood Viscometer’
Flash Point	‘ASTM D93-80’	‘Pensky Martens Apparatus’
Calorific Value	‘ASTM D808/240’	‘Bomb Calorimeter’
Acid Number	‘ASTM D664-09a’	‘REMI Equipments’
Cold Filter Plugging point	‘ASTM D6371’	‘Vibson Scientific’
Pour Point	‘ASTM D97-09’	‘Vibson Scientific’

Figure 1. Experimental set-up. (1) Direct Injection CI engine; (2) Electric-dynamometer; (3) Load control; (4) Air box; (5) U-type manometer; (6) Fuel tank; (7) Burette; (8) Gas analyser.

Table 2. Engine and its specifics.

Make	Kirloskar Diesel Engine
Type	Axially Vertical – one cylinder
Depiction	‘Vertical, natural temperature starting, totally enclosed, watercooled’
Timing, ‘fuel injection’	26^o before ‘Top Dead Centre’
Fuel tank volume	‘1 Gallon (4.6 Litres)’
Injection nozzle	‘Bosch type DLL. 110 S 32’
Fuel Pump	‘Bosch type H-PFR 1A 90/1’
‘No. of strokes’	Four
‘No. of cylinder’	‘Single’
‘Bore diameter’	‘80 mm’
‘Stroke length’	‘110 mm’
‘Rated power’	‘5 HP’
‘Speed’	‘1500 rpm’
‘Cooling’	‘Water’
‘Loading Device’	‘Electrical Swinging field type Dynamometer’

Table 3. Properties of specimens.

Properties	WPF20D80	WPF30D70	WPF20D70JB10	WPF20D60JB20	WPF30D40JB30	D100
Viscosity (Poise)	0.052	0.064	0.062	0.0487	0.0520	0.061
Density (g/ml)	0.832	0.815	0.818	0.819	0.812	0.80
Flash Point (^oC)	66	69	64	65	70	61
Calorific value (MJ/kg)	44.39	45.58	44.14	43.12	42.78	45.35
Pour point	3	–	3	–	–	6
CFPP	−3	–	−3	–	–	1
Acid number (mgKOH/g)	1.62	1.89	1.85	1.21	1.98	0.03
Aniline point	48.40	42.20	39.7	45.2	35.1	68.1
Diesel index	46	47	47	47	40	49

Figure 2. D100 – Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.

Figure 3. WPF20D80 – Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.

Figure 4. WPF30D70 – Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.

Figure 5. WPF20D70JB10 – Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.

Figure 6. WPF20D60JB20 – Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.

Figure 7. WPF30D40JB30 – Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.

Table 4. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of fuel.

Specimen Id	D100	WPF20D80	WPF30D70	WPF20D70JB10	WPF20D60JB20	WPF30D40JB30
C-CH3	2964 2663	2962 2954	2964 2870	2996	2927	2929
Non-conjugated	1850 1739	1699	1938 1857	1882 1754	1743	1743
Conjugated	–	1600	1705 1597	–	1600	1600
CH2	1469	1453	1469	1471	1452	1452
CH3	1379	1375	1379	1382	1375	1375
C-O	–	1172	–	–	1170	1170
Acetate	–	1028	–	–	1022	1022
CH = CH (trans)	948	964	956	–	–	–
C = CH2	–	812	896	–	–	–
CH = CH (cis)	709	696	704	696	698	698

Table 5. ‘CHNS’ analysis information for specimens.

Specimen	Carbon (%)	Hydrogen (%)	Nitrogen (%)	Sulphur (%)	Oxygen (%)
D100	84.7	13.6	1.14	0.44	0.03
WPF20D80	82.9	11.9	1.82	0.45	2.76
WPF30D70	82.63	11.1	1.98	0.46	3.79
WPF20D70JB10	84.10	12.71	1.013	0.655	1.52
WPF20D60 JB20	82.36	11.88	2.039	0.518	3.70
WPF30D40 JB30	81.98	11.13	1.751	0.853	4.25

Figure 8. GCMS WPF20D80.

Figure 9. GCMS WPF30D70.

Figure 10. GCMS WPF20D70JB10.

Figure 11. GCMS D100.

Table 6. ‘GC-MS’ information of WPF20D80.

Peak	Hold-up time (mins)	Content (%)	Compound designation (Variety)	Chemical compound
1	8.4	2.13	Tridecane	C13 H28
2	14.6	2.09	Pentadecane-2,6,10,14-tetramethyl-	C19 H40
3	21.0	2.76	Heptacosane	C27 H56
4	21.0	2.76	Ethanol-2-(octadecyloxy)-	C20 H42 O2
5	21.5	1.64	Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester	C19 H38 O2

Table 7. ‘GC-MS’ details of WPF30D70.

Peak	Hold-up time (mins)	Content (%)	Compound designation (Variety)	Chemical compound
1	7.2	–	Phenol-3-(1-methylethyl)-	C9 H12O
2	7.2	–	Phenol-4-(1-methylethyl)-	C9 H12O
3	8.4	1.70	Tridecane	C13 H28
4	10	13.8	Tetradecane	C14 H30
5	11.6	1.19	Pentadecane	C15 H32

Table 8. ‘GC-MS’ information of D100.

Peak	Hold-up time (mins)	Content (%)	Compound designation (variety)	Chemical compound
1	3.1	0.75	Cyclohexane-1,1,2,3-tetramethyl-	C10 H20
2	3.1	0.75	Cyclooctane-1,4-dimethyl-trans-	C10 H20
3	3.3	1.22	Benzene acetic acid-6-ethyl-3-octyl ester	C18 H28 O2
4	3.3	2.16	Benzene acetic acid-2-tetradecyl ester	C22 H36 O2
5	3.4	0.94	Benzene-1,2,3-trimethyl	C9 H12
6.	5.8	2.36	Naphthalene decahydro-2-methyl-	C11 H2 O
7.	21.2	3.31	7-octadecanoic acid methyl ester	C19 H36 O2
8	25.4	2.72	Tetra cosane	C24 H50

Table 9. ‘GC-MS’ information of WPF20D70JB10.

Peak	Hold-up time (mins)	Content (%)	Compound designation (Variety)	Chemical compound
1	14.5	0.99	Heptadecane	C17 H36
2	21.1	3.64	9-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester	C19 H36 O2
3	21.1	3.64	11-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester	C19 H36 O2
4	21.5	2.79	Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester	C17 H38 O2

Figure 12. BTE vs. Load.

Figure 13. BSFC vs. Load.

Figure 14. BSEC vs. load.

Figure 15. Volumetric eff. Vs. load.

Figure 16. Cumulative Gross HRR vs. load.

Figure 17. EGT vs. load.

Figure 18. A/F ratio vs. load.

Figure 19. Alterations of HC emission with load.

Figure 20. CO emissions vs. load.

Figure 21. NOx emissions vs. load.

Figure 22. CO₂ emissions vs. of load.