Energy system models: a review of concepts and recent advances using bibliometrics

Figures & data

Figure 1. Process of analysis used for the study. Source: Author’s compilation.

Table 1. Subject areas chosen for the document search.

Subject area	Percentage
Energy	44.14%
Engineering	24.02%
Environmental Science	23.88%
Business, Management and Accounting	4.46%
Economics, Econometrics and Finance	2.27%
Multidisciplinary	1.01%
Decision Sciences	0.22%
Total	100%

Source: Author’s compilation from the Scopus analysis built in tool.

Table 2. Number of articles found as a result of search queries in the Scopus literature database.

Date	Search name	Search query	Number of documents
6 January 2023	Initial Search	TITLE-ABS-KEY ((‘power demand model*’) OR (‘energy system model*’)) AND PUBYEAR > 1999	2269
6 January 2023	Adjusted Search	TITLE-ABS-KEY ((‘power demand model*’) OR (‘energy system model*’)) AND PUBYEAR > 1999 AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, ‘English’)) AND (EXCLUDE (SUBJAREA, ‘MATH’) OR EXCLUDE (SUBJAREA, ‘COMP’) OR EXCLUDE (SUBJAREA, ‘SOCI’) OR EXCLUDE (SUBJAREA, ‘PHYS’) OR EXCLUDE (SUBJAREA, ‘CENG’) OR EXCLUDE (SUBJAREA, ‘EART’) OR EXCLUDE (SUBJAREA, ‘MATE’) OR EXCLUDE (SUBJAREA, ‘CHEM’) OR EXCLUDE (SUBJAREA, ‘AGRI’) OR EXCLUDE (SUBJAREA, ‘MEDI’) OR EXCLUDE (SUBJAREA, ‘BIOC’) OR EXCLUDE (SUBJAREA, ‘PSYC’) OR EXCLUDE (SUBJAREA, ‘ARTS’) OR EXCLUDE (SUBJAREA, ‘HEAL’) OR EXCLUDE (SUBJAREA, ‘PHAR’) OR EXCLUDE (SUBJAREA, ‘IMMU’) OR EXCLUDE (SUBJAREA, ‘NEUR’) OR EXCLUDE (SUBJAREA, ‘NURS’))	1288

Table 3. Publication of documents by type.

Document type	Documents	Percentage
Article	874	68%
Conference Paper	240	19%
Review	98	8%
Book Chapter	37	3%
Data Paper	9	1%
Book	8	1%
Conference Review	8	1%
Note	7	1%
Editorial	4	0%
Erratum	3	0%
Total	1288	100%

Source: Compiled by the authors from the Scopus analysis built in tool.

Figure 2. Publication of documents by year. Source: Author’s compilation from the Scopus analysis built in tool.

Figure 3. (a) Network Visualisation of Keywords. (b) Overlay Visualisation of Keywords. Source: Authors’ contribution using VOSviewer.

Table 4. Analysis of the number of documents by source, affiliation, country and author.

Source	Nos.	Affiliation	Nos.	Country/Territory	Nos.	Author	Nos.
Applied Energy	183	Technical University of Denmark	67	Germany	275	Gargiulo, M.	20
Energy Policy	110	Chalmers University of Technology	64	United Kingdom	179	Chiodi, A.	16
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews	88	University College London	56	United States	151	Pye, S.	16
Energy Strategy Reviews	66	Imperial College London	50	Sweden	111	Breyer, C.	15
Energy	65	The Bartlett Faculty of the Built Environment	49	Denmark	98	García-Gusano, D.	15
Journal of Cleaner Production	37	Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt DLR	37	Netherlands	83	Iribarren, D.	14
Energy Procedia	34	University College Cork	35	Switzerland	80	Johnsson, F.	14
Renewable Energy	33	ETH Zürich	33	Italy	79	Nijs, W.	14
Energy Conversion and Management	31	European Commission Joint Research Centre	32	China	75	Strachan, N.	14
Energy Economics	21	The Royal Institute of Technology KTH	29	Japan	60	Ahlgren, E.O.	13

Source: Compiled by the authors from the Scopus analysis built in tool.

Table 5. Topmost keywords of energy systems modelling built on the occurrences and link strength.

Keywords	Occurrences	Total link strength
Energy System Model	294	3134
Energy Systems	240	2725
Carbon Dioxide	195	2614
Energy Policy	197	2511
Investments	201	2425
Renewable Energy Resources	212	2388
Optimisation	182	2231
Emission Control	155	2207
Costs	172	2194
Climate Change	152	2011

Source: Authors’ contribution using VOSviewer.

Figure 4. Overlay Visualisation of Citations based on score of cited articles per year and total link strength.

Table 6. Most often cited articles among the scientific publications on Energy System Models retrieved from VOS viewer.

Sr. No.	Article title	Global citations	Publication year	Journal
1	A review of computer tools for analysing the integration of renewable energy into various energy systems	1167	2010	Applied Energy
2	Electric vehicles and smart grid interaction: A review on vehicle to grid and renewable energy sources integration	637	2014	Renewable and sustainable energy reviews
3	Energy systems modelling for twenty-first century energy challenges	586	2014	Renewable and sustainable energy reviews
4	Smart energy and smart energy systems	524	2017	Energy
5	A review of urban energy system models: Approaches, challenges and opportunities	409	2012	Renewable and sustainable energy reviews
6	OSeMOSYS: the open source energy modelling system: an introduction to its ethos, structure and development	395	2011	Energy Policy
7	A review on modelling and simulation of building energy systems	378	2016	Renewable and sustainable energy reviews
8	Integration of Renewable Energy Sources in future power systems: The role of storage	317	2015	Renewable Energy
9	The role of hydrogen in low carbon energy futures–A review of existing perspectives	275	2018	Renewable and sustainable energy reviews
10	Global energy scenarios meeting stringent CO2 constraints – cost-effective fuel choices in the transportation sector	238	2003	Energy Policy
11	Reviewing optimisation criteria for energy systems analyses of renewable energy integration	220	2009	Energy
12	Endogenous technological change in climate change modelling	202	2002	Energy Economics
13	Life cycle assessment of fuels for district heating: A comparison of waste incineration, biomass-and natural gas combustion	200	2007	Energy policy
14	Global energy storage demand for a 100% renewable electricity supply	196	2014	Energy Procedia
15	A review of energy system models	195	2010	International Journal of Energy Sector Management
16	Integrated modelling of variable renewable energy-based power supply in Europe	192	2017	Energy
17	Evaluation of a proposal for reliable low-cost grid power with 100% wind, water, and solar	191	2017	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
18	Formalising best practice for energy system optimisation modelling	171	2017	Applied Energy
19	Incorporating flexibility requirements into long-term energy system models–A case study on high levels of renewable electricity penetration in Ireland	167	2014	Applied Energy
20	A review of energy systems models in the UK: Prevalent usage and categorisation	163	2016	Applied Energy

Table 7. Top 20 sources authors, organisations and countries on the basis of total link strength and citations.

Name of the source	TLS	C	Author name	TLS	C	Name of the organisation	TLS	C	Country	TLS	Documents	C
Applied Energy	673	7424	Strachan N.	799	1275	School of Engineering, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland	98	360	United Kingdom	1434	179	6085
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews	527	4521	Gargiulo M.	699	603	Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, United Kingdom	95	995	Germany	1235	275	5942
Energy Policy	431	4452	Lund H.	589	1903	MaREI Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland	92	330	United States	918	151	3843
Energy Strategy Reviews	352	1669	Pye S.	569	718	Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland	91	347	Denmark	916	98	4091
Energy	273	2815	Pfenninger S.	522	844	Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Sweden	81	438	Italy	763	79	1960
Renewable Energy	91	1126	Howells M.	515	757	Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland	71	472	Switzerland	755	80	2352
Energy Economics	90	961	Decarolis J.	511	650	Technical University of Denmark, DTU Management Engineering, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark	65	222	Ireland	750	46	2640
Journal of Cleaner Production	90	940	Hawkes A.	479	742	Institute for Renewable Energy, Bolzano, Italy	60	216	Sweden	708	110	3798
Energy Conversion and Management	65	877	Deane J.P.	463	757	Kth Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden	58	219	Netherlands	563	83	2792
Environmental Modelling and Assessment	48	272	Keirstead J.	462	1145	Energy Policy and Modelling Group, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland	57	192	Austria	514	55	1794
Energy Procedia	45	534	Mathiesen B.V.	453	1739	Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland	54	167	Norway	364	47	1027
Joule	36	364	Keppo I.	451	474	Institute of Electrochemical Process Engineering (Iek-3), Jülich, Germany	48	387	Canada	241	39	685
Advances in Applied Energy	35	111	Chiodi A.	413	402	International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria	46	242	Spain	212	46	1164
International Journal of Energy Research	29	214	Rogan F.	374	358	Columbia University, New York, United States	43	218	Finland	201	55	1354
International Journal of Energy Sector Management	28	243	Faaij A.	357	436	University College Cork, Cork, Ireland	43	218	South Africa	181	13	581
International Conference on The European Energy Market, Eem	27	198	Münster M.	338	335	UCL Energy Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom	43	212	Belgium	166	27	603
Journal of Energy Storage	24	163	Usher W.	335	325	International Energy Agency, France	43	173	France	164	30	610
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control	23	296	Ó Gallachóir B.P.	327	384	Department of Planning, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark	42	630	Greece	143	34	1073
Energy Reports	18	88	Nijs W.	321	643	Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark	40	9	India	128	36	1176
Journal of Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems	16	56	Yeh S.	320	306	Dipartimento Di Energia, Politecnico Di Milano, Milano, Italy	39	174	China	120	75	980

TLS = Total Link Strength, C = Citations.

Source: Compiled by the authors using VOSviewer.

Figure 5. Overlay Visualisation of Citations by Sources based on total link strength and citation scores. Source: Compiled by the authors using VOSviewer.

Figure 6. Overlay Visualisation of Citations of Authors based on citation scores and total link strength. Source: Compiled by the authors using VOSviewer.

Figure 7. Overlay Visualisation of Citations Score of Organisations based on total link strength and citation scores. Source: Authors’ contribution using VOSviewer.

Figure 8. Overlay Visualisation of Citations Score of Documents by Countries based on total link strength and citation scores. Source: Compiled by the authors using VOSviewer.

Figure 9. Conceptual diagram of bibliographic coupling. Source: Adapted from Garfield (1988).

Figure 10. (a) Bibliographic coupling of Documents based on total link strength and citation scores. (b) Scaled up figure showing Bibliographic coupling of Documents based on total link strength and citation scores. Source: Compiled by the authors using VOSviewer.

Figure 11. Bibliographic coupling of Sources based on total link strength and citation scores. Source: Compiled by the authors using VOSviewer.

Figure 12. Bibliographic coupling of Authors based on total link strength. Source: Compiled by the authors using VOSviewer.

Figure 13. Bibliographic coupling of Organisations based on total link strength and citation scores. Source: Compiled by the authors using VOSviewer.

Figure 14. Bibliographic coupling of Countries based on total link strength and citation scores. Source: Compiled by the authors using VOSviewer.

Figure 15. Co-citation analysis for cited sources based on citation scores. Source: Compiled by the authors using VOSviewer.

Figure 16. Co-citation analysis for cited authors based on citation scores. Source: Authors’ Contribution using VOSviewer.

Table 8. Co-Citation analysis for top 10 cited authors, cited sources and cited references , cited sources and cited authors.

Name of the Cited Authors	TLS	C	Name of the Cited Source	TLS	C	Title of the Cited Reference	Authors of the Cited Reference	Source	Year	TLS	C
Lund H.	175279	870	Energy	2749	3390	Energy systems modelling for twenty-first century energy challenges	Pfenninger, S., Hawkes, A., & Keirstead, J.	Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews	2014	150	45
Mathiesen, B.V.	106546	552	Applied Energy	2600	3282	Dealing with multiple decades of hourly wind and PV time series in energy models: A comparison of methods to reduce time resolution and the planning implications of inter-annual variability	Pfenninger, S.	Applied Energy	2017	118	22
Breyer, C.	99201	539	Energy Policy	1993	2723	Synergies of sector coupling and transmission reinforcement in a cost-optimised, highly renewable European energy system	Brown, T., Schlachtberger, D., Kies, A., Schramm, S., & Greiner, M.	Energy	2018	114	30
Østergaard, P.A.	85379	256	Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews	1299	1532	Impact of the level of temporal and operational detail in energy-system planning models	Poncelet, K., Delarue, E., Six, D., Duerinck, J., & D’haeseleer, W.	Applied Energy	2016	107	19
Duic N.	72826	226	Energies	595	631	A review of computer tools for analysing the integration of renewable energy into various energy systems	Connolly, D., Lund, H., Mathiesen, B.V., & Leahy, M.	Applied Energy	2010	105	24
Connolly, D.	57386	359	Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews	444	504	A review of current challenges and trends in energy systems modelling	Lopion, P., Markewitz, P., Robinius, M., & Stolten, D	Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews	2018	104	20
Bogdanov, D.	53076	272	Renewable Energy	434	477	A review of energy systems models in the UK: Prevalent usage and categorisation	Hall, L.M., & Buckley, A. R.	Applied Energy	2016	95	13
Krajacic, G.	50763	151	Energy Economy	352	380	Reviewing EnergyPLAN simulations and performance indicator applications in EnergyPLAN simulations	Østergaard, P.A.	Applied Energy	2015	78	11
Strachan, N.	48992	460	Energy Procedia	312	344	Modelling the impacts of variable renewable sources on the power sector: Reconsidering the typology of energy modelling tools	Després, J., Hadjsaid, N., Criqui, P., & Noirot, I.	Energy	2015	77	18
Pfenninger, S.	47426	426	Energy Build	283	330	A review of modelling tools for energy and electricity systems with large shares of variable renewables	Ringkjøb, H.K., Haugan, P.M., & Solbrekke, I.M.	Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews	2018	73	13

TLS = Total Link strength, C = Citations.

(Source: Compiled by the authors using VOSviewer).

Table 9. Clustering of Keywords(K) and representing top 10 keywords from each cluster on the basis of Total Link Strength (TLS) and Occurrences (O).

Cluster 1			Cluster 2			Cluster 3			Cluster 4			Cluster 5
K	TLS	O	K	TLS	O	K	TLS	O	K	TLS	O	K	TLS	O
Investments	2425	201	Energy System Model	3134	294	Renewable Energy Resources	2388	212	Energy Systems	2725	240	Costs	2194	172
Optimisation	2231	182	Carbon Dioxide	2614	195	Energy System Modelling	1998	189	Fossil Fuels	1464	103	Investment	527	39
Numerical Model	1403	103	Emission Control	2207	155	Renewable Energies	1929	154	Decarbonization	1165	87	Electricity Industry	495	28
Energy System Modelling	1105	96	Climate Change	2011	152	Alternative Energy	1925	124	Electricity	1011	73	Competition	491	34
Commerce	972	87	Greenhouse Gases	1896	138	Wind Power	1663	137	Cost Effectiveness	938	74	Gases	290	23
Energy Market	895	55	Energy Efficiency	1833	151	Energy-System Models	1583	155	Solar Energy	836	64	Gas Industry	251	21
Heating	865	67	Gas Emissions	1572	115	Renewable Energy	1432	112	Carbon Capture	832	58	Electricity Sector	237	18
Energy Storage	860	76	Carbon	1394	103	Renewable Resource	1370	88	Europe	830	54	Electric Industry	199	16
Energy Management	781	83	Carbon Emission	1296	86	Modelling	1177	89	Decarbonisation	802	61	Gas Supply	156	10
Solar Power Generation	737	55	Economics	1227	103	Decision Making	1168	103	Biomass	786	63	Gas Plants	136	11

Table 10. Clustering of Articles, their year of publication and their presentation based on total link strength and co-citation of cited references.

Cluster 1	Cluster 2	Cluster 3	Cluster 4	Cluster 5
Brown, T., Schlachtberger, D., Kies, A., Schramm, S., Greiner, M., (2018)	Gabrielli, P., Furer, F., Mavromatidis, G., Mazzotti, M., (2019)	Allegrini, J., Orehounig, K., Mavromatidis, G., Ruesch, F., Dorer, V., Evins, R, (2015)	Deane, J.P., Chiodi, A., Gargiulo, M., O Gallachoir, B.P., (2012)	Collins, S., Deane, J.P., Poncelet, K., Panos, E., Pietzcker, R.C., Delarue, E., (2017)
Connolly, D., Lund, H., Mathiesen, B.V., Leahy, M., (2010) Appl Energy, 87, Pp. 1059–1082	Gabrielli, P., Gazzani, M., Martelli, E., Mazzotti, M., (2018)	Connolly, D., Lund, H., Mathiesen, B.V., Leahy, M., (2010)	Despres, J., Hadjsaid, N., Criqui, P., Noirot, I., (2015)	Gils, H.C., (2014)
Connolly, D., Lund, H., Mathiesen, B.V., (2016)	Kotzur, L., Markewitz, P., Robinius, M., Stolten, D., (2018)	Decarolis, J., Daly, H., Dodds, P., Keppo, I., Li, F., Mcdowall, W., (2017)	Pfenninger, S., Hawkes, A., Keirstead, J., (2014) Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 33, Pp. 74–86	Lopion, P., Markewitz, P., Robinius, M., Stolten, D., (2018)
Gils, H.C., Scholz, Y., Pregger, T., Luca De Tena, D., Heide, D., (2017)	Kotzur, L., Markewitz, P., Robinius, M., Stolten, D., (2018)	Hansen, K., Breyer, C., Lund, H., (2019)	Pye, S., Sabio, N., Strachan, N., (2015)	Lund, P.D., Lindgren, J., Mikkola, J., Salpakari, J., (2015)
Hall, L.M.H., Buckley, A.R., (2016)	Nahmmacher, P., Schmid, E., Hirth, L., Knopf, B., (2016)	Keirstead, J., Jennings, M., Sivakumar, A., (2012)	Trutnevyte, E., (2016)
Jebaraj, S., Iniyan, S., (2006)	Pfenninger, S., (2017)	Mancarella, P., (2014)	Usher, W., Strachan, N., (2012)
Mathiesen, B.V., Lund, H., Connolly, D., Wenzel, H., Østergaard, P.A., Moller, B., (2015)	Pfenninger, S., Staffell, I., (2016)	Pfenninger, S., Decarolis, J., Hirth, L., Quoilin, S., Staffell, I., (2017)
Pfenninger, S., Keirstead, J., (2015)	Ringkjøb, H.-K., Haugan, P.M., Solbrekke, I.M., (2018)	Pfenninger, S., Hawkes, A., Keirstead, J., (2014)
Poncelet, K., Delarue, E., Six, D., Duerinck, J., D’haeseleer, W., (2016)	Staffell, I., Pfenninger, S., (2016)
Østergaard, P.A., (2015)

Source: Compiled by the authors using VOSviewer.

Table 11. Cluster themes and major topics explored in each cluster.

Cluster	Theme of the cluster	Major topics explored
1	Renewable Energy and Energy Models	Spatial and temporal resolution of energy for cross border and cross sector areas, tools for energy modelling, renewable energy transition with VRES in Europe, renewables and energy models, review of models,
2	Energy system design for optimisation	Seasonal storage, Energy system design, aggregation methods
3	Energy system modelling approaches	Urban energy systems, computer tools, optimisation modelling, multi energy systems, energy challenges
4	Power systems, energy models and energy transition	Power sector, variable renewable sources and their impact on power sector, energy transition pathways, decarbonisation pathways
5	Trends in energy system modelling	Power system, energy system, demand response and flexibility, challenges and trends in energy systems modelling

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