Lignin valorisation: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) considerations for enabling Circular Bioeconomy

Angeliki Kylilia School of Engineering, Frederick University, Nicosia, Cyprus

Michalis Koutinasb Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus

Phoebe-Zoe Georgalia School of Engineering, Frederick University, Nicosia, Cyprus

Paris A. Fokaidesa School of Engineering, Frederick University, Nicosia, CyprusCorrespondence[email protected]

Figures & data

Figure 1. Pulp mill into a biorefinery conversion (reproduced diagram by Arkola H. (Elomatic OY)).

Figure 2. Lignin production and potential lignin-derived product market and value (reproduced diagram by (Gosselink Citation2011)).

Figure 3. Lignin valorisation into different high-value products for diverse applications (reproduced diagram by (Bilal et al. Citation2022)).

Figure 4. Circular Bioeconomy (reproduced diagram by (Newton et al. Citation2017)).

Figure 5. Material use of wood creates the highest value (reproduced diagram by Metsä Group’s material).

Figure 6. Forest life cycle (reproduced diagram by (Metsä Group Citation2019)).