Patient characteristics related to length of stay in Dutch forensic psychiatric care

Figures & data

Table 1. Comparison between regular forensic psychiatric care (RFPC) group and long-term forensic psychiatric care (LFPC) group on categorical clinical characteristics. Substance abuse/dependence disorders and Autism Spectrum Disorders were included according to the patient’s DSM-IV-TR diagnosis. Missing cases are due to a lack of information in the patient’s file.

Categorical variable	Patient group
	RFPC		LFPC		Significance level		Effect size
Specification	n	(%)	n	(%)	χ^2 (df)	p	ϕ	Cramer’s V
IQ scores	71		55		3.37 (1)	.07
>85	50	(70.4)	30	(54.5)
≤85	21	(29.6)	25	(45.5)
Axis current main diagnosis	78		58		1.38 (1)	.24
Axis I	49	(62.8)	42	(72.4)
Axis II	29	(37.2)	16	(27.6)
Substance abuse disorder recent	76		61		17.63 (1)	<.001**	−.36
Yes	24	(31.6)	2	(3.3)
Substance abuse disorder lifetime	76		61		12.77 (1)	<.001**	−.31
Yes	47	(61.8)	19	(31.1)
Substance dependence disorder recent	74		61		2.44 (1)	.12
Yes	16	(21.6)	7	(11.5)
Substance dependence disorder lifetime	74		61		2.16 (1)	.14
Yes	36	(48.6)	22	(36.1)
Autism spectrum disorder	78		60		3.56 (1)	.06
Yes	6	(7.7)	11	(18.3)
Sexual deviation	76		59		.96 (1)	.33
Yes	21	(27.6)	12	(20.3)
Psychotic vulnerability	78		61		7.86 (1)	.01*	.24
Yes	25	(32.1)	34	(55.7)
Sexually abused	57		32		1.32 (1)	.25
Yes	18	(31.6)	14	(43.8)
Sexual abuser	76		60		.54 (1)	.46
Yes	37	(48.7)	33	(55.0)
Parental psychiatric history	42		25		4.75	.03	.27
Yes	17	(40.5)	17	(68.0)
Emotional neglect	73		50		6.96	.01*	.24
Yes	40	(54.8)	39	(78.0)
Psychiatric medication	78		61		10.62	< .01*	.28
Yes	42	(53.8)	49	(80.3)
Classification on Axis I and Axis II	78		61		3.29	.07
Classification(s)n only on one axis	14	(17.9)	19	(31.1)
Classification(s) on both axes	64	(82.1)	42	(68.9)

* p ≤ .01

** p < .001.

Table 2. Comparison between regular forensic psychiatric care (RFPC) group and long-term forensic psychiatric care (LFPC) group on structured professional judgment measures of risk of violence (HCR-20), need for therapeutic security (DUNDRUM-1), progress in treatment program completion (DUNDRUM-3), and recovery (DUNDRUM-4).

Continuous variable	Patient group
	RFPC		LFPC		Significance level			Effect size
	N	Mean (SD)	n	Mean (SD)	t	df	p	η^2
HCR-20 historical items score	78	14.72 (2.75)	61	15.72 (2.86)	2.10	137	.04
HCR-20 clinical items score	78	4.72 (2.04)	61	5.90 (1.78)	3.59	137	<.001**	.09
HCR-20 risk items scores	77	9.09 (1.45)	61	9.89 (.45)	4.57	95.29	<.001**	.13
HCR-20 total score	77	28.56 (4.70)	61	31.56 (3.90)	4.01	136	<.001**	.11
PCL-R total score	74	20.59 (6.79)	31	22.33 (7.15)	1.18	103	.24
DUNDRUM-1 total score	78	2.52 (.39)	61	2.78 (.39)	4.05	137	<.001**	.11
DUNDRUM-3 total score	78	2.12 (.88)	61	2.77 (.55)	5.30	131.30	<.001**	.17
DUNDRUM-4 total score	78	2.34 (.74)	61	3.05 (.36)	7.39	117.16	<.001**	.29

Notes:

Note that higher scores indicate greater risk (HCR-20) and greater need for therapeutic security (DUNDRUM-1) with less progress (DUNDRUM-3 and DUNDRUM-4) clinical characteristics. Missing cases are due to a lack of information in the patient’s file.

* p ≤ .01

** p < .001.

Table 3. Comparison between regular forensic psychiatric care (RFPC) group and long-term forensic psychiatric care (LFPC) group on legal characteristics. Missing cases are due to a lack of information in the patient’s file.

Categorical variable	Patient group
	RFPC		LFPC		Significance level		Effect size
Specification	n	(%)	n	(%)	χ^2 (df)	p	ϕ	Cramer’s V
Index offense	77	(100)	61	(100)	.79 (2)	.674
Violence	45	(58.4)	38	(62.3)
Sexual violence major (>16 years)	12	(15.6)	11	(18.0)
Sexual violence minor (≤ 16 years)	20	(26.0)	12	(19.7)
Offense type of first conviction	78	(100)	61	(100)	5.13 (4)	.274
Violence	31	(39.7)	27	(44.3)
Sexual violence major (>16 years)	4	(5.1)	9	(14.8)
Sexual violence minor (≤ 16 years)	9	(11.5)	5	(8.2)
Theft	19	(24.4)	10	(16.4)
Other	15	(19.2)	10	(16.4)
Recidivism	78	(100)	61	(100)	10.44 (1)	.001**	−.27
Yes	10	(12.8)	22	(36.1)
No	68	(87.2)	39	(63.9)

Continuous variable	Patient group
	RFPC		LFPC		Significance level			Effect size
	n	Mean (SD)	n	Mean (SD)	t	df	p	η^2
Total amount of offenses lifetime	78	12.46 (11.56)	61	13.67 (26.25)	.37	137	.72
Age at first conviction	77	23.17 (9.05)	61	23.79 (9.81)	.38	136	.70
Age at index offense	78	32.44 (10.09)	61	33.34 (10.39)	.52	137	.60
Age at first custody sentence	77	26.14 (10.47)	61	24.74 (10.47)	−.78	136	.44
Amount of absconding	78	.18 (.42)	61	.92 (1.44)	3.88	67.95	<.001**	.10

* p ≤ .01

** p < .001.

Table 4. Enter-model logistic regressions and omnibus model tests.

Variable	Omnibus model test			Model Summary		Goodness of fit, Hosmer and Lemeshow test			Correctly classified cases
	χ^2 (n)	df	p	Cox & Snell R^2	Nagel-kerke R^2	χ^2	df	p	RFPC	LFPC	Total
Sociodemographic characteristics	8.85 (127)	2	.01*	.07	.09	.00	1	1.00	89.9	31.0	63.0
Clinical characteristics	25.46 (121)	4	<.001**	.19	.26	9.50	8	.30	76.1	68.0	72.7
Risk taxation	24.29 (139)	2	<.001**	.16	.22	3.85	6	.70	66.7	57.4	62.6
Patient needs	50.24 (139)	3	<.001**	.30	.41	7.71	8	.46	76.9	70.5	74.1
Legal characteristics	29.38	2	<.001**	.19	.26	1.99	3	.58	74.4	63.9	69.8

Variable	b	SE	Significance level			OR	95% CI for Exp (b)		AUC	p	95% CI for AUC
Specification for categorical variables			Wald	df	p		Lower	Upper			Lower	Upper
Sociodemographic characteristics
Country of birth
Netherlands			7.99	2	.02
Dutch Caribbean country	1.38	.49	7.80	1	.01*	3.96	1.51	10.41
Middle East and North Africa	−.08	.76	.01	1	.92	.92	.21	4.10
Clinical characteristics
Substance abuse disorder lifetime	−1.16	.42	7.61	1	.01*	.32	.14	.72	.35	<.01	.25	.44
Psychotic vulnerability	.46	.49	.92	1	.34	1.59	.62	4.12	.62	.02	.52	.71
Emotional neglect	1.16	.46	6.36	1	.01*	3.18	1.3	7.80	.62	.03	.52	.72
Psychiatric medication	1.03	.53	3.84	1	.05	2.80	1.00	7.86	.63	.01	.54	.73
Risk taxation
HCR-20 clinical items score	.02	.11	3.24	1	.07	1.22	.98	1.51	.67	<.01	.57	.76
HCR-20 risk items score	.91	.34	7.09	1	.01*	2.50	1.27	4.91	.66	<.01	.57	.75
Patient needs
DUNDRUM-1 total score	1.51	.59	6.54	1	.01*	4.55	1.42	14.52	.70	<.001	.62	.79
DUNDRUM-3 total score	−.22	.42	.27	1	.60	.80	.35	1.83	.72	<.001	.64	.81
DUNDRUM-4 total score	2.27	.61	13.88	1	<.001**	9.69	2.93	31.99	.80	<.001	.72	.87
Legal characteristics
Recidivism	1.25	.46	7.54	1	.01*	3.49	1.43	8.54	.62	.02	.52	.71
Amount of absconding	1.06	.32	11.18	1	<.01*	2.88	1.55	5.34	.66	<.01	.57	.75

Notes:

OR = odds ratio; AUC = receiver operating characteristic area under the curve.

* p ≤ .01

** p < .001.