Political leadership and legitimacy among the urban elite in Bangladesh

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Notes

Nicholas D. Kristof, ‘Whose Democracy is it Anyway’, The New York Times (3 May 2002), p.A27.

Fareed Zakaria, ‘The Rise Of Illiberal Democracy’, in Foreign Affairs, Vol.76, no.6 (Nov./Dec. 1997), pp.22–43. For a rejoinder to Zakaria, see Marc F. Plattner, ‘Liberalism and Democracy: Can't Have One Without the Other', in Foreign Affairs, Vol.77, no.2 (Mar./Apr. 1998), pp.171–80.

‘Bangladesh Prepares for New Government after Massive BNP Victory’, Agence France Presse (3 Oct. 2001) (LexisNexis Academic Universe) [www.lexisnexis.com/cispubs/1un].

‘Bangladesh Set for Political Instability as Opposition calls Boycott’, Agence France Presse (3 Oct. 2001) (LexisNexis Academic Universe) [www.lexisnexis.com/cispubs/1un].

The phrase ‘creeping communalism’ refers not only to the inclusion of Islamic parties in the present coalition, but the opinion that Bangladesh had too often ‘sidelined’ the ‘guiding principle of secularism’ during its thirty year history. See Syed Badrul Ahsan, ‘To be Democratic is to be Secular, Naturally’, The Independent (30 Oct. 2001) (LexisNexis Academic Universe) [www.lexisnexis.com/cispubs/1un].

Syed Saad Andaleeb, ‘A Benchmark Study on Public Opinions Regarding Various Professions in Bangladesh’, Democracy Watch (Dhaka) (Jan. 1996).

‘Overcoming Human Poverty: UNDP Poverty Report 2000’, cited in The New York Times (4 Apr. 2000), p.11.

Kunal Bose, ‘Bomb Deaths cast Shadow over Bangladesh Campaign’, Financial Times (18 Apr. 2001).

Others for the month of April included a meeting of the Bangladesh Communist Party and the Chhayanaut function. Mahbub Husein Khan, ‘The Manipulation Of Violence: Yet Another Vicious Cycle’, The Independent (23 Apr. 2001) (LexisNexis Academic Universe) [www.lexisnexis.com/cispubs/1un].

‘Hasina tells Vajpajee on the Phone’, The Independent (24 Apr. 2001) (LexisNexis Academic Universe) [www.lexisnexis.com/cispubs/1un].

According to Nurul Islam, ‘the history of political experience in Bangladesh indicates that Bangladeshis want democracy, political freedom and rights, as well as development’. The argument is placed in the context of the larger debate about development and consensus of critical opinion. See Nurul Islam, ‘Reflections on Development and Democracy in Bangladesh’, in Journal of Bangladesh Studies, Vol.1, no.1 (1999), p.2.

A vast literature exists on legitimacy and the state. Some work relevant to developing countries includes Bogdan Denich (ed.) Legitimation Of Regimes: An International Framework for Analysis (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1979); and Tri Q. Ngyuyen, Third World Development: Aspects Of Political Legitimacy (Cranbury NJ: Associated University Press, 1989).

Partha S. Ghosh, ‘Bangladesh at the Crossroads: Religion and Politics’, in Asian Survey, Vol. 33, no.10 (Oct. 1993), p.699.

J.N. Dixit, Liberation and Beyond: Indo‐Bangladesh Relations (Dhaka: University Press Limited, 1999), pp.184–5.

‘Dhaka Blast: Ominous Portent for Bangladesh’, The Statesman (India) (22 Apr. 2001) (LexisNexis Academic Universe) [www.lexisnexis.com/cispubs/1un].

A.M.A. Muhith, Bangladesh—Emergence Of a Nation (Dhaka: Bangladesh Books, 1978), p.245.

Ibid., p.242.

For example, Dhaka's decision to establish diplomatic and commercial relations with Cuba. Yet as Dixit points out, Egypt was able to both enjoy American aid and maintain relations with Cuba. See Dixit, Liberation and Beyond: Indo‐Bangladesh Relations, p.193.

Lawrence Ziring, Bangladesh, From Mujib to Ershad: An Interpretative Study (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1992), p.92.

Dixit, Liberation and Beyond: Indo‐Bangladesh Relations, p.197.

Rounaq Jahan, Bangladesh Politics: Problems and Issues (Dhaka: Dhaka University Press, 1980), p.197.

Peter Stillman, ‘The Concept Of Legitimacy’, in Polity, Vol.7, no.1 (Fall 1974), p.42.

Lawrence B. Lesser, ‘The Economy’, in James Heizman (ed.), Bangladesh: A Country Study (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1989), p.110.

Kirsten Westergaarn, State and Rural Society in Bangladesh, Scandinavian Institute of Asian Affairs, Monograph No.49 (London: Curzon Press, 1985), p.93.

‘Bangladesh: Counter‐Coup Countered’, The Economist (15 Nov. 1975), p.68 (LexisNexis Academic Universe) [www.lexisnexis.com/cispubs/1un].

M. Rashiduzzaman, ‘Political Unrest and Democracy in Bangladesh’, in Asian Survey, Vol.37, no.3 (1997), p.26.

Foreign Broadcast Information Service (5 Dec. 1995), p.75, in ‘World News Connection’ [http://wnc.dialog.com].

The Bangladesh Observer (3 Mar. 1996), cited in Rashiduzzaman, ‘Political Unrest and Democracy in Bangladesh’, p.260.

Stanley Kochanek, ‘Bangladesh in 1997, the Honeymoon is Over’, in Asian Survey, Vol.38, no.2 (1998), pp.138–9.

The New York Times (27 Feb. 1996), p.6.

Quoted in ibid..

Leonard Binder, ‘The Crisis Of Political Development’, in Leonard Binder et al. (eds), Crises and Sequences in Political Development (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971), pp.55–67.

Gabriel A. Almond and G. Bingham Powell, Comparative Politics: A Developmental Approach (Boston: Little Brown, 1996), p.26.

Robert S. Erickson and Kent L. Tedin, American Public Opinion (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1995), p.155.

Ibid., p.3.

Ibid., p.4.

Lucien W. Pye, ‘Communication Operation in Non‐Western Societies’, in Bernard Berelson and Morris Janowitz (eds), Reader in Public Opinion and Communication (New York: The Free Press, 2nd ed., 1966), pp.612–4.

Ibid.

The data were collected during 8–12 Dec., 1996.

J.C. Nunnally, Psychometric Theory (New York: McGraw‐Hill, 2nd ed., 1978).

J.F. Gaski and J.R. Nevin, ‘The Differential Effects Of Exercised and Unexercised Power Sources in a Marketing Channel’, in Journal Of Marketing Research, Vol.22, no.2 (1985), pp.130–42.

Almond and Powell, Comparative Politics: A Developmental Approach, p.201.

Ronald Inglehart and Wayne E. Baker, ‘Modernization, Cultural Change and the Persistence Of Traditional Values’, in American Sociological Review, Vol.65, no.1 (2000), pp.26–8.

Almas Zakiuddin, ‘Corruption in Bangladesh: An Analytical and Sociological Study’ [http://www.ti‐bangladesh.org/docs/research/CorBang1.htm], p.1.

Ibid., p.25.

Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968), pp.22–7.

Kay Lawson, ‘Political Parties and Linkage’, in Kay Lawson (ed.), Political Parties and Linkage: A Comparative Perspective (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980), pp.14–16.

A.H. Somjee, ‘Party Linkages and Strife Accommodation in Democratic India’, in Kay Lawson (ed.), Political Parties and Linkage: A Comparative Perspective (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980), p.209.

Bangladesh Studies Scanner 2000, No.9 (24 Mar. 2000) [http://www.columbia.edu∼ta63/scanner.htm].