Attitudes and beliefs on multilingualism in education: voices from Sweden

Figures & data

Table 1. Overview of participants.

Interview cohort	Self-identified linguistic repertoire
Teacher educators
TE01 Mathematics	Swedish, English
TE02 Arts	Swedish, English
TE03 Ethnology	Swedish, English
TE04 Swedish	Swedish, Finnish, English (Migrant background)
TE05 Language education	Swedish, English
In-service teachers
IT01 Primary teacher for age 7 (Year 1)	Swedish, English, Sámi
IT02 Special education teacher for ages 6–12	Swedish
IT03 Primary teacher for age 7 (Year 1)	Swedish
IT04 Primary teacher for age 8 (Year 2)	Swedish
IT05 Primary teacher for age 9–10 (Years 3 and 4)	Swedish, Norwegian, Sámi (Migrant background)
Pre-service teachers
PT01: Group 1
PT01.1	Swedish, English
PT01.2	Swedish, Arabic, English (Migrant background)
PT01.3	Swedish, English
PT02: Group 2
PT02.1	Swedish, English, French
PT02.2	Swedish, English, Spanish
PT03: Group 3
PT03.1	Swedish, English (Migrant background)
PT03.2	Swedish, English
PT03.3	Swedish, English

Table 2. Manual coding.

Aspect coded	Example of manual coding multi.resources.school_bel_neg
Focus: General subject area (e.g. Swedish, English, multilingualism, national minority languages)	multi = multilingualism
Topic: Specific focal point (e.g. agency, deficit, diversity, hierarchy)	resources
Domain: Who or where? (e.g. the interlocutor, such as the multilingual pupil; the organisation, such as teacher education; or the physical location, such as the home)	school
Attitude or belief	bel = belief
Polarity (positive or negative)	neg = negative

Table 3. Overview of total number of coded quotes in ATLAS.ti.

Interview cohort	Teacher educators	In-service teachers	Pre-service teachers
Number of interviews	Five individual	Five individual	Three group
Number of total codes	2 873	2 391	1 221
Number of total codes on average per interview	575	478	407

Table 4. Overview of total number of coded quotes in ATLAS.ti.

Manual codes	Interview cohort
	Teacher educators	In-service teachers	Pre-service teachers	Totals
positive attitudes	18	38	7	63
negative attitudes	20	8	5	33
positive beliefs	25	65	6	96
negative beliefs	37	52	8	97
Totals – beliefs and attitudes, both polarities	100	163	26	289
Tensions	59	40	14	113

Table 5. Overview of positive coding (TE = Teacher educators; IT = In-service teachers; PT = Pre-service teachers).

Manual codes	Interview cohort (percentage of respective category in brackets)
	TE	IT	PT	Totals
Totals positive attitudes	18	38	7	63
- about multilingual pupils	0 (0%)	19 (50%)	2 (28.6%)	21 (33.3%)
- about multilingual pre-service teachers	1 (5.6%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 (1.6%)
Totals positive beliefs	25	65	6	96
- about multilingual pupils	0 (0%)	26 (40%)	1 (16.7%)	27 (28.1%)
- about multilingual pre-service teachers	1 (4%)	0 (0)	1 (16.7%)	2 (2.1%)
Overall totals positive (attitudes and beliefs)	43	103	13	159
- about multilingual pupils	0 (0%)	45 (43.7%)	3 (23.1%)	48 (30.2%)
- about multilingual pre-service teachers	2 (4.7%)	0 (0%)	1 (7.7%)	3 (1.9%)
Positive attitudes as percentage of overall positive total	41.9%	36.9%	53.8%	39.6%
Positive beliefs as percentage of overall positive total	58.1%	63.1%	46.2%	60.4%

Table 6. Overview of negative coding (TE = Teacher educators; IT = In-service teachers; PT = Pre-service teachers).

Manual codes	Interview cohort (percentage of respective category in brackets)
	TE	IT	PT	Totals
Totals negative attitudes	20	8	5	33
- about multilingual pupils	2 (10%)	6 (75%)	0 (0%)	8 (24.2%)
- about multilingual pre-service teachers	8 (40%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	8 (24.2%)
Totals negative beliefs	37	52	8	97
- about multilingual pupils	6 (16.2%)	21 (40.4%)	1 (12.5%)	28 (28.9%)
- about multilingual pre-service teachers	9 (24.3%)	0 (0)	0 (0%)	9 (9.3%)
Overall totals negative (attitudes and beliefs)	57	60	13	130
- about multilingual pupils	8 (14%)	27 (44%)	1 (7.7%)	36 (27.7%)
- about multilingual pre-service teachers	17 (29.8%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	17 (13.1%)
Negative attitudes as percentage of overall negative total	35.1%	13.3%	38.5%	25.4%
Negative beliefs as percentage of overall negative total	64.9%	86.7%	61.5%	74.6%

Table 7. Overview of tensions (TE = Teacher educators; IT = In-service teachers; PT = Pre-service teachers).

Manual codes	Interview cohort (percentage of respective category in brackets)
	TE	IT	PT	Totals
Totals tensions	59 (52.2%)	40 (35.4%)	14 (12.4%)	113 (100%)
-about the multilingual pupils	4 (6.8%)	5 (12.5%)	1 (7.1%)	10 (8.8%)
-about the multilingual pre-service teachers	9 (15.3%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	9 (8%)
-about teacher education	3 (5.1%)	2 (5%)	8 (57.1%)	13 (11.5%)