Can listening-related fatigue influence well-being? Examining associations between hearing loss, fatigue, activity levels and well-being

Figures & data

Figure 1. Definition of well-being as proposed by Dodge et al. (2012).

Figure 2. A theoretical framework of associations between hearing loss, hearing device use, listening-related fatigue, activity and individual well-being.

Table 2. Identified studies relating to Q1: Does hearing loss have an effect on work, social or physical activity level?.

#	Author (year)	Intervention	Activity type	Number of participants	Measurement of hearing loss	Measurement of activity	Findings (one sign per result)
1	Bess et al. (1989)	B	Social	153	PTA (average)	SR Questionnaire (V)	+
		B	Work	153	PTA (average)	SR Questionnaire (V)	=
2	Brink and Stones (2007)	A	Social	12,254	Assessed by investigator	IR Questionnaire (V)	+
3	Bullis et al. (1995)	A	Work	439	Specialist group	Employment status, SR Questionnaire (NV)	+
4	Chan et al. (2019)	A	Physical	3790	SR Questionnaire (NV)	SR Questionnaire (V)	+
5	Choi et al. (2016)	A	Physical	1669	PTA (average) & SR Questionnaire (NV)	Accelerometer	+ =
6	Christensen and Datta Gupta (2017)	A	Work	2407	PTA (average) & Questionnaire (NV)	Disability benefits through hearing loss, SR Questionnaire (NV)	+
7	Clark, Bond, and Sanchez (1999)	A	Social	1052	PTA (average)	SR Questionnaire (V)	=
8	Crews and Campbell (2004)	A	Social	9447	SR Questionnaire (NV)	SR Questionnaire (NV)	+
9	Curhan et al. (2013)	A	Physical	68,421	SR Questionnaire (NV)	SR Questionnaire (NV)	+
10	Emmett and Francis (2015)	A	Work	3379	PTA (average)	Employment status, SR Questionnaire (NV)	+
11	Engdahl et al. (2015)	A	Physical	31,547	PTA (average)	SR Questionnaire (NV)	+
12	Fischer et al. (2014)	A	Work	3753	PTA (average)	Retirement, SR Questionnaire (NV)	=
13	Garramiola-Bilbao and Rodriguez-Alvarez (2016)	A	Work	1224	Questionnaire (NV)	Employment status, SR Questionnaire (NV)	+
14	Gispen et al. (2014)	A	Physical	706	PTA (average)	Accelerometer & SR Questionnaire (NV)	+ +
15	Haas et al. (2016)	A	Physical	1221	PTA (average)	SR Questionnaire (V)	+
16	Hasson et al. (2010)	A	Work	18,734	SR Questionnaire (NV)	Employment status, SR Questionnaire (NV)	+
17	Helvik, Krokstad, and Tambs (2013)	A	Work	25,740	PTA (average)	Early retirement, SR Questionnaire (NV)	+
18	Hogan et al. (2009)	A	Work	43,233	SR Questionnaire (NV)	Employment status, SR Questionnaire (NV)	+
19	Joo, Han, and Park (2015)	A	Physical	11,266	PTA (average)	SR Questionnaire (V)	+
20	Jung and Bhattacharyya (2012)	A	Work	∼40,000	Medical records	Employment status, SR Questionnaire (NV)	+
21	Koyanagi, Stubbs, and Vancampfort (2018)	A	Physical	206,356	Assessed by investigator	SR Questionnaire (V)	+
22	Kramer, Kapteyn, and Houtgast (2006)	A	Work	210	Specialist group	Sick leave due to distress, SR Questionnaire (V)	+
23	Lampropoulou (1992)	A	Work	148	Specialist group	Employment status, SR Questionnaire (NV)	+
24	Lee, Gomez-Marin, and Lee (1996)	A	Work	2694	PTA (average)	Employment status, SR Questionnaire (NV)	+
25	Liljas et al. (2016)	A	Social	3981	SR Questionnaire (NV)	SR Questionnaire (NV)	+
26	Linssen et al. (2014)	B (longitudinal)	Physical	1823	PTA (average)	SR Questionnaire (NV)	=
27	Loprinzi et al. (2013)	A	Physical	1485	PTA (average)	Accelerometer	=
28	Loprinzi et al. (2013)	A	Physical	682	PTA (average)	Accelerometer	+
29	Mick et al. (2018)	A	Social	21,241	SR Questionnaire (NV)	SR Questionnaire (NV)	=
30	Mikkola et al. (2015)	A	Social	848	SR Questionnaire (NV)	SR Questionnaire (NV)	+
31	Mikkola et al. (2016)	A	Social	524	SR Questionnaire (NV)	7-day activity diary	+
32	Norris and Cunningham (1981)	A	Social	50	PTA	SR Questionnaire (NV)	=
33	O'Neill et al. (1988)	A	Social	12	PTA (average)	SR Questionnaire (V)	=
34	Park et al. (2016)	A	Work	1628	PTA (average)	Hours worked, SR Questionnaire (NV)	–
35	Parving and Christensen (1993)	A	Work	218	PTA (one frequency)	Employment status, SR Questionnaire (NV)	+
36	Polku et al. (2015)	A	Physical	848	SR Questionnaire (NV)	SR Questionnaire (V)	+
37	Pryce and Gooberman-Hill (2012)	A	Social	18	SR Questionnaire (NV)	SR Questionnaire (NV)	+
38	Resnick, Fries, and Verbrugge (1997)	A	Social	18,873	SR Questionnaire (NV)	SR Questionnaire (NV)	+
39	Rydberg, Gellerstedt, and Danermark (2010)	A	Work	2144	Specialist group	Employment status, SR Questionnaire (NV)	+
40	Schroedel and Geyer (2000)	A	Work	240	Specialist group	Employment status, SR Questionnaire (NV)	=
41	Shukla et al. (2019)	A	Social	12,311	SR Questionnaire (NV)	SR Questionnaire (NV)	+
42	Souza, Fillenbaum, and Blay (2015)	A	Physical	6924	SR Questionnaire (NV)	SR Questionnaire (NV)	=
43	Stam et al. (2013)	A	Work	1888	Speech in noise test	Employment status, SR Questionnaire (NV)	+
44	Svinndal et al. (2018)	A	Work	3330	SR Questionnaire (NV)	Employment status, SR Questionnaire (NV)	+ =
45	Tehranchi and Jeyakumar (2020)	A	Work	∼3.5 mil	SR Questionnaire (NV)	Employment status, SR Questionnaire (NV)	+
46	Vesterager, Salomon, and Jagd (1988)	A	Physical	71	Specialist group	SR Questionnaire (NV)	=
47	Viljanen et al. (2014)	A	Social	27,536	SR Questionnaire (NV)	SR Questionnaire (NV)	=
48	Woodcock and Pole (2008)	A	Work	131,535	SR Questionnaire (NV)	Employment status, SR Questionnaire (NV)	+
49	Yamada et al. (2012)	A	Social	1254	SR Questionnaire (NV)	SR Questionnaire (NV)	=

A: HL vs NH; B: Level of HL; PTA: Pure tone audiometry (averaged across frequencies, or below threshold in one frequency); Specialist group: participants recruited as they are part of a group solely for people with a hearing loss; SR: Self-report; IR: Investigator-report; V: Validated questionnaire; NV: Non-validated questionnaire, or researchers unable to ascertain validity.

“+” result supported the hypothesis, “=” result did not support the hypothesis, “–” result refuted the hypothesis.

Table 3. Identified studies relating to Q2: Does hearing device use have an effect on work, social or physical activity level?

#	Author (year)	Intervention	Activity type	Number of participants	Measurement of activity	Findings (one sign per result)
1	Chee et al. (2004)	B (one group post fitting)	Work	30	Employment status, SR Questionnaire (NV)	+
2	Christensen and Datta Gupta (2017)	A1 (assistive devices)	Work	2407	Disability benefits through hearing loss, SR Questionnaire (NV)	+
3	Clinkard et al. (2015)	B3	Work	65	Employment status, SR Questionnaire (NV)	+
4	Dawes et al. (2015)	A1	Social	3753	SR Questionnaire (NV)	=
5	Farinetti et al. (2015)	AB: With or without contralateral HA	Social	116	SR Questionnaire (V)	+
6	Fazel and Gray (2007)	B3	Work	65	Employment status, SR Questionnaire (NV)	+
7	Fisher et al. (2015)	A1	Physical	5172	SR Questionnaire (NV)	+
		A1	Social	5172	SR Questionnaire (NV)	+
8	Fuentes-Lopez et al. (2017)	A1	Social	4766	SR Questionnaire (NV)	=
9	Hogan et al. (2001)	B1	Social	202	SR Questionnaire (V)	+
10	Kos et al. (2007)	B3	Work	67	Employment status, SR Questionnaire (NV)	=
11	Lee and Noh (2015)	A3 (uptake of HAs)	Work	119	Employment status, SR Questionnaire (NV)	+
		A3 (uptake of HAs)	Social	119	SR Questionnaire (NV)	+
12	Lee, Gomez-Marin, and Lee (1996)	A1	Work	2694	Employment status, SR Questionnaire (NV)	=
13	Meister et al. (2005)	A (benefit of HA)	Social	150	SR Questionnaire (NV)	+
14	Pryce and Gooberman-Hill (2012)	A1	Social	18	SR Questionnaire (NV)	=
15	Rafferty et al. (2013)	B3	Social	80	SR Questionnaire (NV)	+
16	Sawyer et al. (2019)	A1	Social	18,730	SR Questionnaire (NV)	+
17	Simpson et al. (2019)	A1	Work	857	Retirement status, SR Questionnaire (NV)	=
18	Stephens, Vetter, and Lewis (2003)	A1	Physical	66	SR Questionnaire (NV)	=
19	Tesch-Romer (1997)	A1	Social	148	SR Questionnaire (V)	=
20	Winn (2006)	A1 (amount of time HA worn)	Work	60	Employment status, SR Questionnaire (NV)	=

A: Hearing aid; B: Cochlear implant; 1: 0 vs any; 2: 1 vs 2; 3: Repeated measures; SR: Self-report; V: Validated questionnaire; NV: Non-validated questionnaire, or researchers unable to ascertain validity.

“+” result supported the hypothesis, “=” result did not support the hypothesis, “–” result refuted the hypothesis

Table 1. Results and support for hypotheses from identified studies.

	Work activity			Social activity			Physical activity
	+	=	–	+	=	–	+	=	–
Hearing Loss (decreased activity)	17	4 H1_W	1	9	6 H1_S	0	10	5 H1_P	0
Hearing Devices (increased activity)	5	4 H2_W	0	7	4 H2_S	0	1	1 H2_P	0

“+” result supported the hypothesis, “=” result did not support the hypothesis, “–” result refuted the hypothesis.

Some studies produced more than one result, hence summations in this table do not always equate to the number of studies.

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