Uncovering Naturalistic Rewards and their Subjective Value in Forensic Psychiatric Patients

Figures & data

Table 1. Sample characteristics.

Measure	Inpatients	Outpatients
N	34	41
Age
Average number of years (SD)	41.97 (9.98)	40.12 (12.71)
Range	21–64	20–67
Ethnicity
Both parents Dutch nationality	76%	83%
At least one parent Asian, African or South American	24%	17%
Type of offence
Sexual offence	65%	12%
Age of victim ≥ 16 years	47%	10%
Age of victim ≥ 16 years	18%	2%
Violent offence (no sexual or material motive)	26%	34%
Miscellaneous (incl. burglary, theft, stalking, arson)	9%	7%
No known offence	0% (N/A)	46%
Legal pressure
Court mandated	100%	41%
Voluntary	0% (N/A)	54%
Not yet sentenced	0% (N/A)	5%
Time in treatment
≤ 3 months	0%	29%
4-9 months	0%	34%
10-18 months	6%	20%
> 18 months	94%	17%
Psychopathology
Axis I Depressive disorder	0%	22%
Attention deficit (hyperactivity) disorder	9%	24%
Pervasive developmental disorder	18%	5%
Substance abuse disorder	50%	46%
Intermittent explosive disorder	0%	37%
Pedophilia	47%	10%
Other axis I disorder	24%	34%
No axis I disorder	9%	0%
Axis II Cluster A personality disorder	3%	0%
Cluster B personality disorder	35%	32%
Cluster C personality disorder	0%	10%
Personality disorder NOS	56%	41%
With characteristics of cluster A / B / C	3% /29% / 21%	2% / 27% / 12%
Without specified characteristics in record	21%	5%
No personality disorder	6%	17%

Table 2. Hierarchical clustering agglomeration coefficients of the inpatient sample.

Number of clusters	Agglomeration coefficient	Differences in coefficient	Percentage change in coefficient in next level
15	1.834	0.183	0.09
14	2.017	0.239	0.11
13	2.256	0.274	0.11
12	2.530	0.31	0.11
11	2.840	0.427	0.13
10	3.267	0.526	0.14
9	3.793	0.624	0.14
8^*	4.417^*	1.405^*	0.24^*
7	5.822	1.467	0.20
6	7.289	2.029	0.22
5	9.318	2.264	0.20
4	11.582	6.595	0.36
3	18.177	9.911	0.35
2	28.088	17.241	0.38
1	45.329

Note.

* indicates an abrupt large percentage change when moving to a lower number of clusters.

Table 3. Cluster names and exemplary items of inpatient rewards.

Cluster name	Exemplary items
Luxury and material rewards	Salary raise
	Coffee
General social recognition	Promises being kept
	Helping others
Ward climate and restrictions	Visits of volunteers
	Possibilities to look for a partner outside the clinic
Active lifestyle	Swimming
	Organizing or attending activities in the clinic
Substances	Cigarettes
	Marijuana
Autonomy	Taking care of pets
	Individually adjusted internet access
Relaxation	Singing and making music
	Watching a movie
Leave	Going on leave in the evening
	Meeting someone from outside during leave

Figure 1. Concept map resulting from multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis for the inpatient sample. The figure shows the position of the eight reward clusters, the cluster names, and average ratings (between parentheses). Dots represent the individual reward items generated by the inpatients. Lines depict the cluster boundaries.

Table 4. Hierarchical clustering agglomeration coefficients of the outpatient sample.

Number of clusters	Agglomeration coefficient	Differences in coefficient	Percentage change in coefficient in next level
15	2.351	0.272	0.10
14	2.623	0.275	0.09
13	2.898	0.327	0.10
12	3.225	0.455	0.12
11	3.680	0.628	0.15
10	4.308	0.631	0.13
9	4.939	0.733	0.13
8	5.672	0.83	0.13
7	6.502	0.973	0.13
6	7.475	1.222	0.14
5^*	8.697^*	4.428^*	0.34^*
4	13.125	5.045	0.38
3	18.170	9.542	0.34
2	27.712	25.16	0.48
1	52.872

Note.

* indicates an abrupt large percentage change when moving to a lower number of clusters.

Table 5. Cluster names and exemplary items of outpatient rewards.

Cluster name	Exemplary items
Maintaining intimate relationships	Having contact with my children on a regular basis
	Having a life partner
General social recognition	Being appreciated for my efforts
	Being seen and acknowledged as a person
Future orientation	Having a job
	Making a deadline
Relaxation	Watching a good movie or documentary
	Walking the dog
Experience seeking	Speeded activities (e.g., quad driving)
	Holidays and traveling

Figure 2. Concept map resulting from multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis for the outpatient sample. The figure shows the position of the five reward clusters, the cluster names, and average ratings (between parentheses). Dots represent the individual reward items generated by the inpatients. Lines depict the cluster boundaries.