Clinical Services Addressing Violent Extremism: The Quebec Model

Figures & data

Table 1. Sociodemographic characteristics and clinical services profile of individuals engaged in services from 2016 to 2021 (N = 156).

Variable	Radicalized (N = 86)		Affected by violent extremism (N = 19)		Family member (N = 51)
Characteristic	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD
Age in years	25.3	13.2	35.6	19.4	41.9	17.7
Number of clinical sessions	26.1	39.3	8.84	8.41	15.7	19.7
Number of clinicians on care team	2.56	1.42	2.26	1.37	2.45	1.05
Characteristic	N	%	N	%	N	%
Gender identity
Man	81	94.2	9	47.4	23	45.1
Woman	5	5.8	10	52.6	28	54.9
Marital status
Single	70	81.4	13	68.4	13	25.5
Married/In a relationship	10	11.6	3	15.8	22	43.1
Separated/Widowed	6	7.0	3	15.8	16	31.4
Currently in school
Yes	45	52.3	5	26.3	12	23.5
No	41	47.7	14	73.7	39	76.5
Highest level of education
High school or under	42	48.8	6	31.6	14	27.5
College	16	18.6	3	15.8	7	13.7
University	15	17.4	7	36.8	13	25.5
Missing	13	15.1	3	15.8	17	33.3
Currently employed
Yes	18	36.0	4	25.0	22	52.4
No	32	64.0	12	75.0	20	47.6
Not applicable	36		3		9
Referral sources
Self-referral	13	15.1	5	26.3	19	37.3
Friends and family	15	17.4	4	21.1	19	37.3
Youth protection services	7	8.1	0	0	6	11.8
Community organization	6	7.0	3	15.8	1	2.0
Security agencies	23	26.7	3	15.8	12	23.5
School	12	14.0	2	10.5	0	0
Health services	25	29.1	4	21.1	8	15.7
Other	0	0	1	5.3	1	2.0
Number of referral sources
1	71	82.6	16	84.2	37	72.5
2	15	17.4	3	15.8	13	25.5
3	0	0	0	0	1	2.0
Modality of service delivery
Individual	81	94.2	18	94.7	30	58.8
Family	16	18.6	3	15.8	34	66.7
Mentorship	2	2.3	0	0	0	0
Number of types of modalities
1	74	86.0	17	89.5	38	74.5
2	11	12.8	2	10.5	13	25.5
3	1	1.2	0	0	0	0
Referred to other services
Yes	21	24.4	8	42.1	7	13.7
No	65	75.6	11	57.9	44	86.3

Table 2. Psychiatric and extremist ideology profile of radicalized individuals engaged in clinical services from 2016 to 2021 (N = 86).

Characteristic	N	%
History of mental health service use
Yes	59	68.6
No	27	31.4
Criminal offense history
Yes	20	23.3
No	66	76.7
Substance use abuse
Yes	19	22.1
No	67	77.9
Extremist ideologies
Far right	27	31.4
Far left	3	3.5
Religious	18	20.9
Gender	22	25.6
Nationalism	5	5.8
Conspiratorial	11	12.8
Non-ideological violence	28	32.6
Number of extremist ideologies
1	67	77.9
2	10	11.6
3	9	10.5
Psychiatric diagnosis
Autisim spectrum disorder	24	28.6
Intellectual deficiency	5	6.0
Stress-related disorder	30	35.7
Mood & anxiety disorder	31	36.9
Psychotic disorder	9	10.7
Personality disorder	18	21.4
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder	9	10.7
Oppositional/conduct disorder	7	8.3
Other	6	7.1
Not applicable	2
Number of psychiatric diagnoses
0	2	2.3
1	45	52.3
2	25	29.1
3	12	14.0
4	2	2.3

Table 3. Social integration and grievances of radicalized individuals engaged in clinical services from 2016 to 2021 (N = 86).

Item	N	%
Social grievances
Trauma
Yes	27	31.4
No	59	68.6
Discrimination
Yes	16	18.6
No	70	81.4
Harassment/bullying
Yes	37	43.0
No	49	57.0
Romantic relationship breakup
Yes	19	22.1
No	67	77.9
Social isolation
Yes	45	52.3
No	41	47.7
Family
Yes	56	65.1
No	30	34.9
Work
Yes	11	12.8
No	75	87.2
School
Yes	32	37.2
No	54	62.8
Social integration
Contact with family
Yes	77	89.5
No	9	10.5
Friendships
None	22	25.6
Few	46	53.5
Many	18	20.9
Romantic relationship
Yes	21	24.4
No	65	75.6
Work
Yes	14	16.3
No	72	73.7
School
Yes	19	22.1
No	67	77.9
Community involvement
Yes	7	8.0
No	75	86.2
Involvement in sports
Yes	7	8.1
No	79	91.9
Frequents place of worship
Yes	19	22.1
No	67	77.9
Use of internet/social media
Yes	77	89.5
No	9	10.5