How Do Persons Found NCRMD and Identified as Indigenous Differ from Other Persons Found NCRMD: Profiles, Trajectories, and Outcomes

Figures & data

Table 1. Characteristics of people found NCRMD who were and were not identified as Indigenous.

	Indigenous		Non-Indigenous		Total
Characteristics	n	%	n	%	n	% Missing	Statistics; Effect size; p-value
Socio-demographics (at time of index offense)
Province					1800	0	χ^2(2) = 34.44; V = 0.14; p < 0.001
Québec	21	30.0	1073	62.0	1094		χ^2(1) = 28.94; phi = −0.12; p < 0.001
Ontario	28	40.0	456	26.4	484		χ^2(1) = 6.37; phi = 0.06; p = 0.012
BC	21	30.0	201	11.6	222		χ^2(1) = 21.02; phi = 0.11; p < 0.001
Male	58	82.9	1461	84.5	1800	0	χ^2(1) = 0.13; phi = 0.01; p = 0.719
Single	53	82.8	1332	83.7	1656	8.0	χ^2(1) = 0.03; phi = −0.004; p = 0.856
High school diploma	19	31.1	604	50.1	1266	29.7	χ^2(1) = 8.37; phi = −0.08; p = 0.004
Living alone	12	21.8	481	31.9	1562	13.2	χ^2(1) = 2.51; phi = −0.04; p = 0.113
1st language	54	88.5	1077	88.4	1279	28.9	χ^2(1) = 0.001; phi = 0.001; p = 0.981
Mental health service history	49	69.0	1175	67.9	1800	0	χ^2(1) = 0.04; phi = 0.005; p = 0.846
	M	SD	M	SD	n	% Missing
Age	32.71	10.66	36.72	12.46	1800	0	t(1798) = 2.62; Eta = 0.06; p = 0.009^a
Neighborhood characteristics
Proportion Indigenous (%)	16.71	26.18	1.98	3.99	1779	1.2	t(1777) = −13.80; Eta = 0.31; p < 0.001^a
Material deprivation	0.40	0.92	0.09	0.87	1777	1.3	t(1775) = 2.91; Eta = 0.07; p = 0.004
Social deprivation	0.24	1.32	0.74	1.03	1777	1.3	t(1775) = 3.89; Eta = 0.09; p < 0.001
Population density(1000/km^2)	1.23	2.48	2.77	3.43	1772	1.6	t(1770) = 9.59; Eta = 0.22; p < 0.001^a
Travel time to hospital (minutes)	43.11	81.72	13.64	30.96	1773	1.5	t(1771) = −2.84; Eta = 0.07; p = 0.005^a
# of resources in a 15 min driving radius	37.94	57.75	68.76	70.63	1773	1.5	t(1771) = 4.09; Eta = 0.10; p < 0.001^a
	n	%	n	%	n	% Missing
Criminal history
Prior conviction	37	52.9	801	46.3	1800	0	χ^2(1) = 1.16; phi = 0.03; p = 0.281
Offense against person	26	37.1	484	28.0	1800	0	χ^2(1) = 2.78; phi = 0.04; p = 0.095
Other offense	28	40.0	698	40.4	1800	0	χ^2(1) = 0.004; phi = −0.001; p = 0.951
NCRMD history
Any prior NCRMD	7	10.0	140	8.1	1800	0	χ^2(1) = 0.34; phi = 0.01; p = 0.569
Offense against person	3	4.3	92	5.3	1800	0	χ^2(1) = 0.14; phi = −0.01; p = 0.705

Note. First language refers to French or English. Deprivation indexes are on a scale from 0 to 1; 1 = high deprivation; 0.5 = the average Canadian level. Material deprivation: income, level of education, employment. Social deprivation: % people living alone, % single-parent homes, % divorced-separated homes. ^a: Tests were carried out on logged values to normalize distributions.

Table 2. Comparing the index offense, mental state at the time of the offense, and diagnosis at verdict of people found NCRMD who were and were not identified as Indigenous.

	Indigenous		Non-indigenous		Total
Characteristics	M	SD	M	SD	n	% Missing	Statistics; Effect size; p-value
Severity of most severe index offense (log)	4.77	1.44	4.64	1.24	1800	0	t(1798) = −0.83; Eta = 0.02; p = 0.410
	n	%	n	%	n	% Missing
Most severe index offense					1800	0	χ^2(4) = 4.67; V = 0.05; p = 0.323
Homicide	6	8.5	117	6.8			χ^2(1) = 0.34; phi = 0.01; p = 0.558
Assaults (incl sexual)	25	35.2	495	28.6			χ^2(1) = 1.45; phi = 0.03; p = 0.229
Other – against person	13	18.3	513	29.7			χ^2(1) = 4.01; phi = −0.05; p = 0.045
Property offenses	14	19.7	290	16.8			χ^2(1) = 0.50; phi = 0.02; p = 0.479
Other	13	18.3	315	18.2			χ^2(1) = 0.01; phi = 0.002; p = 0.938
Victim of most severe offense (crime against person)					1083	5.2	χ^2(3) = 3.00; V = 0.05; p = 0.391
Stranger	10	25.0	236	22.6			χ^2(1) = 0.07; phi = 0.01; p = 0.791
Professional	10	25.0	238	22.8			χ^2(1) = 0.10; phi = 0.01; p = 0.747
Family	16	40.0	348	33.4			χ^2(1) = 0.76; phi = 0.03; p = 0.383
Other known person	4	10.0	221	21.2			χ^2(1) = 3.14; phi = −0.05; p = 0.077
Mental state at index offense					1800	0
Psychotic symptoms	46	65.7	990	57.3			χ^2(1) = 1.97; phi = 0.03; p = 0.161
Hallucinations	24	34.3	333	19.2			χ^2(1) = 9.57; phi = 0.07; p = 0.002
Delusions	33	47.1	797	46.1			χ^2(1) = 0.03; phi = 0.004; p = 0.860
Suicidal ideation	3	4.3	111	6.4			χ^2(1) = 0.515; phi = −0.02; p = 0.473
Suicide attempt	0	0.0	31	1.8			χ^2(1) = 1.28; phi = −0.03; p = 0.258
Self-harm	1	1.4	29	1.7			χ^2(1) = 0.25; phi = −0.004; p = 0.873
Homicidal ideation	5	7.0	104	6.0			χ^2(1) = 0.13; phi = 0.01; p = 0.722
Substance abuse	19	26.8	397	22.9			χ^2(1) = 0.56; phi = 0.02; p = 0.455
Diagnosis at the Verdict					1785	0.8
Primary diagnosis
Psychotic spectrum disorder	51	73.9	1216	70.8			χ^2(1) = 0.32; phi = 0.01; p = 0.574
Mood disorder	8	11.6	406	23.6			χ^2(1) = 5.40; phi = −0.05; p = 0.020
Other disorder	10	14.3	96	5.6			χ^2(1) = 9.12; phi = 0.07; p = 0.003
Comorbid diagnosis
Substance use spectrum	33	47.8	517	30.1			χ^2(1) = 9.79; phi = 0.07; p = 0.002
Personality disorder	13	18.6	177	10.3			χ^2(1) = 4.84; phi = 0.05; p = 0.028
SMI & Substance use disorder	27	38.6	490	28.5			χ^2(1) = 3.31; phi = 0.04; p = 0.069
SMI & Personality disorder	10	14.5	159	9.3			χ^2(1) = 2.13; phi = 0.03; p = 0.145

Note. SMI = serious mental illness (e.g., schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder).

Figure 1. Total duration of time under supervision of the Review Board and total duration of time Under Detention (in custody). Note. Dotted lines indicate confidence intervals for the continuous line of the same colour.

Figure 2. Recidivism among Indigenous and non-Indigenous Individuals found NCRMD. Note. Dotted lines indicate confidence intervals for the continuous line of the same colour.