Peer-to-peer accommodation in destination life cycle: the case of Nordic countries

Figures & data

Table 1. Working definition of the stages of destination life cycle.

	Growth of tourism below average	Growth of tourism above average
Current tourism intensity below average	1. Involvement	2. Development
Current tourism intensity above average	4. Stagnation	3. Consolidation

Table 2. Tourist overnight stays in Nordic countries and territories.

Country/territory	Overnights in commercial accommod. in 2018 (thousand)	Second homes in 2018 (thousand)	Estimated overnights in second homes in 2018 (thousand)	Total overnights in 2018 (thousand)	Overnights in 2018 per km^2 (thousand)	Overnights in 2018 per inhabitant	Overnights change 2008–2018
Denmark	39,157.8	222.1	27,027.2	66,184.0	1.53	11.4	+18.4%
Finland	21,826.3	500.7	60,921.4	82,747.7	0.25	15.1	+7.3%
Iceland	8,377.2	8.3	1,007.0	9,384.2	0.09	26.9	+243.0%
Norway	33,657.6	463.7	56,418.7	90,076.3	0.28	17.0	+13.4%
Sweden	63,208.2	576.7	70,166.5	133,374.7	0.30	13.0	+13.0%
Åland Islands	393.1	6.5	787.9	1,181.0	0.87	40.2	+1.4%
Faroe Islands	151.7	No data	No data	151.7	0.09	3.0	+129.4%
Greenland	262.9	No data	No data	262.9	0.00	4.7	+11.1%
Svalbard	155.0	0.2	24.6	179.6	0.00	64.5	+702.4%
Total	167,188.8	1,778.2	216,353.3	383,542.1	0.11	14.1	+14.6%

Iceland, Sweden and Greenland: data for 2017 instead of 2018.

Finland and Åland Islands: data on second homes for 2017 and numbers for 2008 extrapolated from data for 2005 and 2010.

Denmark: numbers of second homes in 2010 used instead of 2008.

Faroe Islands: change extrapolated from available data for 2013–2018.

Iceland: data for second homes from census 2011.

Figure 1. Current intensity (in 2018) and dynamics (2008–2018) of tourism arrivals in regions of Nordic countries.

Table 3. Active Airbnb listings in Nordic countries and territories.

Country/territory	Excluding hotel rooms and rooms offered by multihosts						Hotel rooms and rooms offered by multihosts
	Number of listings	Listings per 1000 inhabitants	Share of entire homes	Share of listings offered by multihosts	Average yearly number of reviews per listing	Growth 2018–2019
Denmark	19,417	3.4	86.3%	16.6%	6.1	10.7%	2,153
Finland	6,999	1.3	90.6%	36.6%	10.1	21.9%	788
Iceland	4,018	11.5	93.0%	43.8%	19.5	2.1%	1,684
Norway	14,775	2.8	87.8%	24.4%	8.8	13.9%	1,873
Sweden	15,474	1.5	88.4%	21.6%	6.7	20.3%	1,732
Åland Islands	101	3.4	90.1%	29.7%	6.4	41.2%	10
Faroe Islands	495	9.8	90.5%	29.3%	11.1	20.5%	122
Greenland	76	1.4	78.9%	14.5%	5.1	23.0%	19
Svalbard	14	5.0	78.6%	35.7%	10.4	0.0%	1
Total	61,369	2.3	88.1%	23.9%	8.3	14.7%	8,382

Figure 2. Airbnb offer in NUTS-3 regions of Nordic countries.

Figure 3. Distribution of new tourism accommodation capacity across regions in different stages of destination life cycle.

Table 4. Characteristics of tourism accommodation in regions in different stages of destination life cycle.

	Stage 1: Involvement	Stage 2: Development	Stage 3: Consolidation	Stage 4: Stagnation
Number of regions	32 (43.2% of total)	9 (12.2% of total)	14 (18.9% of total)	19 (25.7% of total)
Total area	2,486,249 km^2 (71.4% of total)	93,392 km^2 (2.7% of total)	541,257 km^2 (15.5% of total)	361,314 km^2 (10.4% of total)
Total population	9,693,083 (35.5% of total)	7,944,116 (29.1% of total)	6,178,241 (22.7% of total)	3,457,381 (12.7% of total)
Hotel rooms in 2018	86,777 (26.6% of total)	80,062 (24.5% of total)	110,217 (33.8% of total)	49,220 (15.1% of total)
Increase in hotel rooms 2008–2018	8,038 (15.6% of total, increase by 10.2%)	15,662 (30,3% of total, increase by 24.3%)	29,188 (56.5% of total, increase by 36.0%)	−1,214 (−2.3% of total, decrease by 2.4%)
Second homes in 2018	681,199 (38.3% of total)	273,928 (15.4% of total)	303,628 (17.1% of total)	519,491 (29.2% of total)
Increase in second homes 2008–2018	21,682 (20.2% of total, increase by 3.3%)	9,934 (9.3% of total, increase by 3.8%)	35,417 (33.1% of total, increase by 13.2%)	40,114 (37.4% of total, increase by 8.4%)
Active Airbnb listings in 2019	12,806 (20.9% of total)	14,863 (24.2% of total)	25,064 (40.8% of total)	8,636 (14.1% of total)
Increase in Airbnb listings 2018–2019	2,980 (32.9% of total increase by 30.3%)	2,341 (25.9% of total, increase by 18.7%)	1,768 (19.5% of total, increase by 7.6%)	1,956 (21.6% of total, increase by 29.3%)
Airbnb listings in 2019: entire homes	11,263 (20.8% of total, 88.0% of listings)	12,843 (23.7% of total, 86.4% of listings)	22,070 (40.8% of total, 88.1% of listings)	7,917 (14.6% of total, 91.7% of listings)
Airbnb listings in 2019 offered by multihosts	3,168 (21.6% of total, 24.7% of listings)	3,594 (24.5% of total, 24.2% of listings)	5,530 (37.7% of total, 22.1% of listings)	2,380 (16.2% of total, 27.6% of listings)
Reviews per year per listing	7.5	8.7	8.9	6.7
Hotel rooms and rooms offered by multihosts (excluded in other rows)	1,615 (19.3% of total)	1,944 (23.2% of total)	4,032 (48.1% of total)	791 (9.4% of total)