Temporary residents and permanent jobs? Second-home tourism and job creation in the construction sector

Figures & data

Figure 1. Conceptual illustration of spatially projected construction demand through second-home tourism.

Table 1. Number of firms in the construction sector (SNI codes used in this study) as well as the whole economy, grouped by number of employees. Based on data from Statistics Sweden (2023).

Number of employees	Construction sector		All sectors
	Number of firms	Share	Number of firms	Share
0	51,695	58.86%	997,528	74.86%
1–4	25,293	28.80%	233,367	17.51%
5–9	5587	6.36%	45,906	3.44%
10–19	3059	3.48%	27,710	2.08%
20–49	1693	1.93%	17,520	1.31%
50–99	344	0.39%	5587	0.42%
100–199	92	0.10%	2496	0.19%
200–499	38	0.04%	1382	0.10%
500+	19	0.02%	1102	0.08%

Figure 2. Plotted estimates of the main independent variables from the linear probability models (OLS) on the number of construction workers in the municipalities. Each colour corresponds to a model (Model 1, Model 2 and Model 3), and the line through the dot represents the size of standard errors.

Figure 3. Net flow of tax-deductible investments per capita, in SEK, connected to second homes. Based on data from the Swedish Tax Agency (2021).

Figure 4. Conceptual illustration of spatially projected construction demand through second-home tourism, with the added dimension of firm mobility.

Figure 5. Conceptual illustration of spatial relationships between the actors studied in this paper, inviting to possible further research.

Table

	1	2	3	4	5
1. Construction share of local labour market	1.0000
2. SH/capita non-local owners	0.1134	1.0000
3. Average housing price in municipality	0.1	−0.1938	1.0000
4. Number of workers in municipality	−0.1009	−0.1644	0.7504	1.0000
5. Number of construction workers in labour market	−0.0117	−0.1919	0.8237	0.9786	1.0000

Table

	Model 1 NrConstruction	Model 2 ShareConstruction	Model 3 ShareConstruction
SH non-local owners/capita		0.0684*	0.2069***
		(0.0407)	(0.0542)
SH nonlocal owners	0.2252**
	(0.1066)
Municipality classification (reference = 9 Rural municipalities with a visitor industry)
1. Large cities	5.58e+04***		−0.0349**
	(2081.4189)		(0.0157)
2. Commuting municipalities near large cities	3730.2300***		0.0184***
	(1009.5091)		(0.0071)
3. Medium-sized towns	1.02e+04***		−0.0062
	(1131.3065)		(0.0080)
4. Commuting municipalities near medium-sized towns	760.1499		0.0077
	(997.0986)		(0.0064)
5. Commuting municipalities with a low commuting rate near medium-sized towns	870.6826		−0.0032
	(1031.6098)		(0.0065)
6. Small towns	3388.5794***		0.0020
	(1039.8137)		(0.0069)
7.Commuting municipalities near small towns	386.5660		0.0003
	(992.1602)		(0.0064)
8.Rural municipalities	433.8015		−0.0080
	(1016.3005)		(0.0062)
Labour market size		−0.0000
		(0.0000)
Average housing value			0.0000**
			(0.0000)
Building permits/capita			−0.3346
			(0.3165)
Constant	259.5373	0.0535***	0.0482***
	(919.0015)	(0.0015)	(0.0075)
N	290	290	290
adj. R^2	0.775	0.013	0.239

Standard errors in parentheses.

* p < .1, ** p < 0.05, *** p < .01.

Table

	M1 All	M2 Non-local owners	M3 Local owners
SH/capita	0.1366***
	(0.0408)
SH non-local owners/ capita		0.1797***
		(0.0477)
SH local owners/capita local owners			0.0860
			(0.1562)
Municaplity housing price	0.0000**	0.0000**	0.0000***
	(0.0000)	(0.0000)	(0.0000)
Municipality classification (reference = 9 Rural municipalities with a visitor industry)
1. Large cities	−0.0320**	−0.0308**	−0.0481***
	(0.0157)	(0.0156)	(0.0156)
2. Commuting municipalities near large cities	0.0218***	0.0214***	0.0085
	(0.0071)	(0.0066)	(0.0071)
3. Medium-sized towns	−0.0030	−0.0028	−0.0169**
	(0.0078)	(0.0075)	(0.0075)
4. Commuting municipalities near medium-sized towns	0.0105	0.0102*	−0.0012
	(0.0064)	(0.0060)	(0.0064)
5. Commuting municipalities with a low commuting rate near medium-sized towns	−0.0001	−0.0004	−0.0101
	(0.0062)	(0.0059)	(0.0062)
6. Small towns	0.0047	0.0049	−0.0071
	(0.0067)	(0.0064)	(0.0065)
7. Commuting municipalities near small towns	0.0034	0.0032	−0.0069
	(0.0061)	(0.0058)	(0.0061)
8. Rural municipalities	−0.0064	−0.0053	−0.0149***
	(0.0057)	(0.0057)	(0.0054)
Constant	0.0427***	0.0435***	0.0565***
	(0.0066)	(0.0060)	(0.0068)
N	290	290	290
adj. R^2	0.229	0.237	0.199

Standard errors in parentheses.

* p < .1, ** p < 0.05, *** p < .01.

Table

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
SH non-local owners/capita	0.0779*	0.1002**	0.1797***
	(0.0402)	(0.0404)	(0.0477)
Municipality housing price		0.0000***	0.0000**
		(0.0000)	(0.0000)
Municipality classification (reference = 9 Rural municipalities with a visitor industry)
1. Large cities			−0.0308**
			(0.0156)
2. Commuting municipalities near large cities			0.0214***
			(0.0066)
3. Medium-sized towns			−0.0028
			(0.0075)
4. Commuting municipalities near medium-sized towns			0.0102*
			(0.0060)
5. Commuting municipalities with a low commuting rate near medium-sized towns			−0.0004
			(0.0059)
6. Small towns			0.0049
			(0.0064)
7.Commuting municipalities near small towns			0.0032
			(0.0058)
8.Rural municipalities			−0.0053
			(0.0057)
Constant	0.0528***	0.0502***	0.0435***
	(0.0014)	(0.0016)	(0.0060)
N	290	290	290
adj. R^2	0.009	0.035	0.237

Standard errors in parentheses.

*p < .1, ** p < 0.05, *** p < .01.

Statistics Sweden. (2023). Medianlöner i Sverige [Median salaries in Sweden].

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Swedish Tax Agency. (2021). Statistical data on all ROT tax deductions for investments in primary residences and second homes in Sweden, 2009–2020.

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