Figures & data
The fitted values (red line) are based on a bivariate linear regression. Countries with revenue-to-GDP ratios greater than one are excluded.
Source: Authors’ analysis.
High corruption countries are defined as those with a negative value of the “Control of Corruption” indicator from the Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) database (all others are considered low corruption countries).
Source: Authors’ analysis.
Income groups are defined according to World Bank classification. Democratic countries are defined as those with a Polity score above 5 (all others are considered non-democratic). Resource-poor countries are defined as those with total natural resources rents below 5 percent of GDP (all others are considered resource-rich). The fitted values (red lines) are based on bivariate linear regressions. Countries with revenue-to-GDP ratios greater than one are excluded. Data are for the year 2020.
Source: Authors’ analysis.