Phytoremediation of micropollutants by Phragmites australis, Typha angustifolia, and Juncus effuses

Figures & data

Table 1. Removal efficiency of MPs by the presence and absence of plants at 10 and 21.5 °C after 21 days.

Plant species	Temperature (°C)	TRM	MET	BTA	IBT	CBZ	CAF	PRO	SMZ	FRS	MCPP	DFC
Phragmites australis	10	97 ± 1	91 ± 3	88 ± 0	78 ± 7	82 ± 6	61 ± 6	93 ± 2	93 ± 2	90 ± 2	51 ± 14	96 ± 2
	21.5	100 ± 0	99 ± 0	100 ± 0	98 ± 0	98 ± 0	91 ± 5	99 ± 0	100 ± 0	100 ± 0	100 ± 0	100 ± 0
Typha angustifolia	10	98 ± 0	95 ± 1	90 ± 3	82 ± 6	86 ± 2	71 ± 3	97 ± 1	97 ± 1	98 ± 1	48 ± 13	96 ± 2
	21.5	100 ± 0	99 ± 0	99 ± 0	98 ± 1	98 ± 0	98 ± 0	99 ± 0	100 ± 0	100 ± 0	100 ± 0	100 ± 0
Juncus effuses	10	98 ± 0	96 ± 1	91 ± 3	81 ± 0	88 ± 1	77 ± 4	96 ± 0	96 ± 1	93 ± 3	55 ± 5	88 ± 1
	21.5	100 ± 0	98 ± 0	98 ± 0	96 ± 1	96 ± 0	94 ± 2	99 ± 0	100 ± 0	100 ± 0	99 ± 1	99 ± 1
Absence of plants	10	55 ± 0	50 ± 1	0 ± 0	6 ± 3	0 ± 0	81 ± 1	30 ± 2	0 ± 0	11 ± 15	13 ± 18	0 ± 0
	21.5	41 ± 2	76 ± 1	45 ± 3	90 ± 0	18 ± 1	91 ± 1	60 ± 2	98 ± 1	74 ± 5	35 ± 8	36 ± 17

High removal: 80 ∼ 100%; Moderate removal: 40 ∼ 80%; Poor removal: 0 ∼ 40%

Data are mean value with standard deviation (n = 3 in planted groups and n = 2 in unplanted groups). Negative removal is presented as 0.

Figure 1. Transpiration rate of three plant species in the presence of 11 MPs (8 µg/L each) at 21.5 °C. Data are mean value with standard deviation (n = 3 in planted groups and n = 2 in unplanted groups).

Figure 2. Concentration of propranolol in the aqueous phase, roots and rhizomes (RR), and leaves and stems (LS). Data are mean value ± standard deviation (n = 3).

Table 2. Mass of propranolol accumulated in RR and LS of three plant species and their bioconcentration factors of RR (BCF_RR) and LS (BCF_LS) as well as translocation factors (TF) after 21 days.

	Phragmites australis	Typha angustifolia	Juncus effuses
Mass of propranolol in RR (µg)	1.4 ± 0.6	3.2 ± 1.1	1.5 ± 0.3
Mass of propranolol in LS (µg)	0.09 ± 0.03	0.01 ± 0.01	0.05 ± 0.03
BCFRR (L/kg)	498 ± 156	471 ± 145	2053 ± 889
BCFLS (L/kg)	369 ± 276	9 ± 6	53 ± 38
TF	0.93 ± 0.99	0.02 ± 0.02	0.02 ± 0.01

Data are mean value ± standard deviation (n = 3).