Mineralogy and geochemistry of ferromanganese oxide deposits from the Chukchi Sea in the Arctic Ocean

Figures & data

Figure 1. Sample site location map (dashed line designates the Chukchi graben rift system after Astakhov et al. [2010] and bottom current after Vologina et al. [2016]). Basement produced by the Ocean Data View 4 software (Schlitzer 2012)

Figure 2. Morphology of the ferromanganese deposits analyzed

Figure 3. (a) X-ray diffraction patterns of representative ferromanganese deposits from the Chukchi Sea. (b) XRD patterns after heating at 75, 95, 150, and 300°C for 24 hours

Figure 4. PAAS-normalized diagrams for REE in the ferromanganese deposits from the Chukchi Sea (Pourmand, Dauphas, and Ireland 2012)

Figure 5. Binary discrimination diagrams for the ferromanganese deposits from the Chukchi Sea, after Bau et al. (2014)

Table 1. Chemical composition of the ferromanganese deposits from the Chukchi Sea analyzed in this work

	7R11-2	7R11-4	7R11-6	7R11-7 outer layer	7R11-7 inner layer	Mean	Median
TFe (wt %)	10.3	10.6	10.89	16.73	10.7	11.84	10.7
TMn (wt %)	25.2	25.3	25.57	11.22	19.52	21.36	25.2
Al (wt %)	2.42	2.27	2.21	3.18	3.44	2.7	2.42
Mg (wt %)	1.41	1.35	1.36	1.34	1.44	1.38	1.36
Ca (wt %)	1.43	1.45	1.47	1.38	1.08	1.36	1.43
Na (wt %)	1.9	2.09	2.2	1.77	1.47	1.89	1.9
K (wt %)	1.31	1.25	1.2	1.47	1.61	1.37	1.31
Ti (wt %)	0.14	0.12	0.12	0.18	0.2	0.15	0.14
P (wt %)	0.82	0.89	0.89	1.28	0.74	0.92	0.89
Ba (μg/g)	1,519	1,517	1,457.5	1,339.1	2,516.94	1,669.79	1,517
Be (μg/g)	0.36	0.34	0.34	0.42	0.3	0.35	0.34
Cd (μg/g)	1.24	1.04	1.57	0.45	0.64	0.99	1.04
Co (μg/g)	365	367	388.92	355.41	775.81	450.25	367
Cr (μg/g)	26	24	28.63	36	36.95	30.39	28.63
Cs (μg/g)	3.3	3.1	2.95	4.42	4.85	3.72	3.3
Cu (μg/g)	39	39	42.21	54.69	87.3	52.57	42.21
Ga (μg/g)	6.7	6.2	6.11	7.27	8.1	6.87	6.7
Ge (μg/g)	0.67	0.54	0.53	0.7	0.73	0.63	0.67
Hf (μg/g)	1.5	1.7	1.59	2.26	2.4	1.89	1.7
In (μg/g)	0.03	0.03	0.02	0.03	0.04	0.03	0.03
Li (μg/g)	38	14	38.89	7.99	7.64	21.43	14
Mo (μg/g)	326	372	401.2	158.3	255.8	302.74	326
Nb (μg/g)	4.6	4.5	4.17	6.14	6.46	5.18	4.6
Ni (μg/g)	136	141	133.65	64.8	125.55	120.09	133.65
Pb (μg/g)	49	51	46.13	73.42	84.91	60.83	51
Rb (μg/g)	43	40	38.04	53.47	58.04	46.57	43
Sc (μg/g)	3.5	3.1	3.06	3.88	3.94	3.49	3.5
Sr (μg/g)	732	764	720.57	726.81	817.27	752.18	732
Ta (μg/g)	0.34	0.4	0.32	0.46	0.46	0.4	0.4
Tl (μg/g)	2.8	2.1	2.95	0.53	0.95	1.87	2.1
Th (μg/g)	4.3	4.1	4.1	5.7	6.23	4.88	4.3
U (μg/g)	10	12	10.78	19.79	26.95	16.05	12
V (μg/g)	374	364	401.05	447.27	527.56	423	401.05
W (μg/g)	45	64	33.07	52.53	88.36	56.59	52.53
Y (μg/g)	28	29	29.4	36.41	37.1	32.04	29.4
Zn (μg/g)	179	179	184.51	184.91	208.9	187.35	184.51
Zr (μg/g)	57	58	54.62	84.49	87.12	68.32	58
La (μg/g)	28	27	27.15	37.96	38.91	31.75	28
Ce (μg/g)	51	48	47.7	70.29	73.94	58.22	51
Pr (μg/g)	6.42	6.42	6.24	8.81	9.15	7.41	6.42
Nd (μg/g)	27.22	27.37	27.09	37.17	39.52	31.67	27.37
Sm (μg/g)	5.96	6.01	6.04	8.09	8.68	6.96	6.04
Eu (μg/g)	1.85	1.86	1.84	2.24	2.82	2.12	1.86
Gd (μg/g)	5.97	6.14	6.05	8.15	8.94	7.05	6.14
Tb (μg/g)	1.01	1.02	1.02	1.35	1.52	1.18	1.02
Dy (μg/g)	6.44	6.83	6.73	8.97	10.04	7.8	6.83
Ho (μg/g)	1.27	1.34	1.33	1.76	1.98	1.54	1.34
Er (μg/g)	3.34	3.56	3.46	4.61	5.2	4.03	3.56
Tm (μg/g)	0.5	0.53	0.53	0.68	0.79	0.61	0.53
Yb (μg/g)	3.1	3.39	3.3	4.43	5.01	3.84	3.39
Lu (μg/g)	0.46	0.49	0.47	0.63	0.73	0.55	0.49

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